In the minds of the Chinese, the Western Zhou Dynasty had ended the dark and terrible rule of the Shang Dynasty, and King Wu of Zhou and Duke Dan of Zhou established a rigorous and elegant system of etiquette, which fascinated Confucius and Mencius. The Western Zhou Dynasty worships the Zhou rites, this phenomenon has continued in Chinese history to this day, and the Confucian scholars of all dynasties have talked about the rites of the Zhou Dynasty and the prosperity of its prosperous times.
However, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, only the "Book of Shang", "Yi Zhou Book" and other documents recorded are sporadic first-hand information, and there is no more detailed and systematic record of the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty, therefore, the social outlook of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Confucian scholars can not say clearly, and the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty is often mixed with myths, legends and imagination, making it difficult to distinguish the authenticity, such as the "Gonghou Bozi Nan" fifth, whether there is a "Gong", is still a mystery.
In the middle of the Warring States period, there was a sentence in "Mencius Wanzhang": "One Son of Heaven, one Gong, one Hou, one Bo, one Son, one Male, these five also." 'One is a king, one is a secretary, one is a doctor, one is a sergeant, and one is a sergeant, making a total of six. "The Book of Rites: The Royal System" is a little later, except for the Son of Heaven, there are sons and men, so there is a difference between the prince and the fifth rank of the uncle. The fifth-rank system was admired by later generations because of its strict and obvious hierarchical differences.
According to the records of the "fifth-class lord" in the literature, the fifth-class lord system was implemented in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, with the first class being the public and the second class being the marquis. Jiang TaigongforKing Wu KeyinStandDownSweat horsesworkLaw, Jiang ZiyaofFemaleYi gingerYesKing Wu of Zhou's wife, King WuForRewardsMeritoriousofMinisterSpecialSealedJiang Ziya is the Marquis of Qi. , Jiang ZiyaYesDon't give Qi Guo a fishDuke, thatIt's weird!Did the Zhou Dynasty have a prince?With the continuous "coming forward" of underground cultural relics, a number of bronze ritual vessels of the Western Zhou Dynasty were excavated, according to the records of the "Golden History", there was no duke in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the highest title was the marquis.
On the knighthood of the descendants of Zhou Gongdan.
Zhou Gongdan's surname is Ji, because his fief is in Zhou Yuan, so it is also known as "Zhou Dan". The problem is that if the "duke" is the "duke", when it is the duke of Zhou, the "duke" in the Western Zhou Jin text has another deep meaning.
The "Ling Fangyi" in the collection of the Freer Museum in the United States is engraved with the words "August of the Year". Wang ordered Zhou Gongzi, Ming Bao, Yin San, and the special envoys ......Guiwei, Ming Dynasty, Yueji. "The gist is: August Jiashen, King Zhou Kang ordered Ming Bao, the son of Zhou Gongdan, "Yin Sanshi Quartet, give Qing Shiliao", this is a long story. In October, Ming Gong arrived in Chengzhou. From thisYesSee, Ming Bao inAppointmentYinThreethingFourDivisionAfter, onlyby"Mingbao".litersfor"Ming Gong". IfZhou GongdanbeSealedFor the Prince,SoVeryObviously"Mingbao".No, you can'tFollowingUndertakingZhou Gongdan'sJuebits
Lu Hou Gui" and "Ling Fang Yi" for the same period, there is a certain relationship between the two, the inscription says: "King Yu ordered the Ming Gong to send troops to the East, Lu Hou Ju to the great", to the effect that when the Gong went to the east, Lu Hou made great contributions. The state of Lu was founded by Bo Yu, the son of Zhou Gong, and "Lu Hou Gui" was named after "Lu Hou", indicating that Bo Yu did not inherit the position of Zhou Gongdan.
Zhou Gongdan has meritorious service this time, and several other sons are also in high positions, so it is impossible for Zhou Tianzi to demote Zhou Gongdan to a concubine. The prince cannot be lowered, so who should inherit the title of Zhou Gongdan?According to the Western Zhou clan system, the bird should be the eldest son, but this is not the case.
In the reign of King Mu of Zhou, the descendants of Zhou Gongdan went on another expedition to the east. The inscription of "Ban Gui" is recorded as follows: "The king ordered Mao Bo to change the official service of the city, establish the throne, and establish the extreme ...... of the Quartet."Wang ordered Mao Gong to lead the iron division in the name of Bangzuka Jun to conquer the eastern country. To the effect that King Mu of Zhou ordered Uncle Mao to succeed him as a duke in order to protect the Son of Heaven and rule the world, so "Uncle Mao" was changed to "Duke Mao". That's itYesby"Mauber".litersfor"Mao Gong",Againby"Mingbao".litersfor"Ming Gong". withkindYesServedImportantIn addition, after Mao Bo was promoted to Mao Gong, he did not inherit the word "Gong", and the inscription "Qiangui" in the late Western Zhou Dynasty wrote: "At the beginning of the first month of the second year of the Sui Dynasty, King Ji was only in the Shao Palace of Zhou, and the King of Dinghai was in Xuanshe and Mao Bo Neimen", and the inscription clearly stated the word "Mao Bo".
The title of the son of Zhao Zheng.
Zhao Gong Zheng, like Zhou Gongdan and Tai Gong Wang, made great contributions to King Wu Keyin, surnamed Ji, named Zheng, and has food in Zhaoyi, so it is also called "Zhao Zheng". Zhou Gongdan once asked: Does the "duke" in "Summoning the Princess" refer to the "duke"?
"Liangshan Seven Instruments" and "Bo Xian Dingming" said: "But from the beginning of September, Ba Xinyou, Yu Yan, Hou Yixianbei, Jin, Yang Houxiu, and Zhao Shuxin. "Yan Hou gave Xian Haibei and copper copper. Xian was grateful, so he cast a sacrificial vessel and called his uncle Xin to use.
Yan Hou Zhi is the father Xin Ding": Yan Hou Zhi is the father, Xin Baozun. Yan Hou ordered to cast a sacrificial item for his deceased father Xin. Combined with Bo Xianding's inscription, we can infer that Yan Houzhi's father was Zhao Uncle Xin.
Zhao Uncle Xin and Zhao Gong, are they really the same person?When the Western Zhou Dynasty was founded, Zhao Gong had two fiefs in Zhao and Yan, and Zhao Gong stayed in the court and sent his son to Yan to establish a state, and Yan became his own country from then on. YanhouscaledSummons forFather, thatIt's the country of YanThe first generationOnly princes have itTreatmentAnd so it isSpeaking of whichYan Hou ZhiofFatherDearJustIt is to call Uncle Xin, "Calling Uncle".NaturallyJustIt's a "summoning of the public". It is worth mentioning that according to the archaeological discoveries of the Liulihe site in Beijing, the first Yanhou was named Yanhouke, and Yanhouzhi's father was also Zhaogong, so Yanhouzhi should be the second Yanhou, and he is Yanhouke's younger brother.
If Zhao Gong is for the public, why do later generations call him "Zhao Bo", could it be that Zhou Tianzi demoted Zhao Gong's official position?Of course not.
Zhao Bohu, Ji surname Zhao, the word tiger, a descendant of Zhao Gong in Shaanxi, known as "Zhao Mu Gong" in history. During the reign of King Zhou Li, he repeatedly advised King Zhou Li to practice the way of benevolence and righteousness. After the death of King Zhou Li, King Xuan of Zhou was assisted by Duke Zhao Mu and Duke Ding of Zhou, and was known as "Zhou Zhao Republic" in history, which shows that Zhao still had considerable influence at that time. ButMonumenttextonYetWritetractSixyearsAprilJiazi, Wang Cai and Zhao BohuSueYu Xuqing".Summoning BohucastEngraved on the tripodYes"Calling Bohu for my text",InscriptionsMediumof"Calling".Not really"Summoning the Public". IfWestern ZhouReallyofYesZhuHouto summon the tigerIdentityAgainWhy?YesEvenaPrincesBothNope
Ancient vassal states.
Judging from the situation of the two families of Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong, there is no "gong" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, so what is the significance of the frequent use of "gong" in the Western Zhou Dynasty?During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were three main aspects of the use of "gong":
First of all, during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, people still used "a certain duke" to refer to their ancestors. The Western Zhou Dynasty bronze "Ligui" gold inscription recorded: "Xin Wei, Wang Cai's master, Yi Yousi Lijin, as Tan Gong Bao Zun Yi", the maker of the instrument to "Tan Gong" and "Li" sacrifice to the ancestors, with "Gong" as the honorific title;Another example is the inscription of Luhou Xiqi: "Luhou Xi Chayi, in order to enjoy the Turkic language Kao Lu Gong." In order to commemorate his father, Lu Houxi specially made a sacrificial vessel. This usage is still popular to this day, only used by the nobility of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and has now entered the homes of ordinary people.
Secondly, it extends to the word "Gong", and Mr. Li Xueqin of Tsinghua University pointed out in his book "Etymology" that the so-called "Gonggong" in the oracle bone inscription is actually the "Gonggong", which is generally used to worship the temples of ancestors, and the Western Zhou Dynasty also has a similar saying.
Third, people in important positions are usually honored as "a certain duke". The "Ming Bao" and "Mao Bo" mentioned above were all specially appointed before they called "Ming Gong" as "Mao Gong" to show the difference. WarpScholarsResearchExistingbescaledforMaleofBothTowards the centerLightweightHeavyofCharactersPersistencePalmWestern ZhouSecretary of the ChamberwithTaishiliaoofTransactionsThereforeWestern ZhoutimesMaleJustNopeAgainYesMaleofMeaningnow, whileonlyIt's one of a kindjobindustryonHonorific title
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Although there was no prince in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were princes such as Qi, Lu, and Yan. Bo Chending recorded this very clearly: Wang Mingyuan Hou Bochen said: Zi and Hou Yu Yuan. It is to the effect that the king of Zhou ordered Hou Bochen to order his father and ancestor to guard the wall. Wei Xiaobao said: "Yes." "Gong" and "Hou" were all made up by literati, and in the Western Zhou Dynasty, "Hou" was already the highest title.
It is worth mentioning that in the Western Zhou Dynasty, when the marquis lord was honored as "Zhao Bo" and "Mao Bo", there was no such thing as "earl". Since "Bo" means "eldest son", "Bo" in the Western Zhou Dynasty had the meaning of "Zongzi". According to historical records, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Tianzi made the Duke of Jin Wen as "Uncle Hou".
ScholarsLiu YuanResearchSo-calledMaleHou BoziMaleFiveetcJueand moreSeeonSpring and autumnPeriod, or withSpring and autumnSengokuFrequentHeldof the GuildrelatedfromFrom the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the Dog Rong invaded, Zheng Zhuang Gong made a rebellion with the rebellious ministers and thieves, the etiquette collapsed, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the princes' alliance was the source of the order of the world, the strength of the vassal states was very different, the status was disparity, and the seats and ceremonial guards were naturally not the same, such as Cao State, Wei Guo and other countries, they must not be compared with the Jin State, so they set up five grades, and later generations called them five products.