The prosperity of Hunan talents began with the birth of the Hunan army, and the originator of the Hunan army is none other than Luo Zenan. Wang Ding'an, who was a member of Zeng Guofan's staff, wrote "Records of the Hunan Army", mentioning the origin of the Hunan army, he said: "When the Hunan army was first rising, Wang Zhu and Luo Zenan both talked about pace, knew the battle formation, deep ditches and high bases, and rejected the thieves. Zeng Guofan himself also recognized Luo Zenan as the founder of the Hunan army, and after Luo Zhan's death, his ** Li Xubin and others carried forward the Hunan army. As for Xu Shichang and others' "The Case of Qing Confucianism", Luo Zenan is even more highly evaluated: "Since Tang Zhishen (Tang Jian) advocated science, and Xiangnan scholars all admired Ziyang (Zhu Xi) and deposed Yao Jiang (Wang Yangming), Luo Shan was particularly practical, and regarded Confucianism as a famous general. ”
Sleepy and knowledgeable
Luo Zenan (1808-1856), the name Zhongyue, a native of Xiangxiang, Hunan, because of the place where he lives is called Luo Mountain, the peaks and mountains are listed, and the weather is thousands. Although the Luo family is a big surname in Xiangxiang, it is not a wang family, "there is no one in the world". In Luo Zenan's early growth, his grandfather Luo Gongshi played an irreplaceable role. Luo Gongshi's family has been poor since childhood, and he makes a living by helping people do business, "I regret not learning in my life", and hopes that his son Luo Jiadan will study and enter the office, but his son also abandons school because of his poor family. In order to make the grandchildren have the conditions to study, Luo Gongshi was diligent and thrifty, "self-cutting wood and bamboo and thatching, building a house, and selling wine and rice for a business", and when Luo Zenan was born, the family situation changed slightly.
Luo Zenan's short life can be roughly divided into four stages: from his birth to the fourth year of Daoguang (1824), when he was a teenager, he was a student;From the 5th year of Daoguang (1825) to the 15th year of Daoguang (1835) was his youth, where he made a living as an apprentice and continued his studiesFrom the sixteenth year of Daoguang (1836) to the first year of Xianfeng (1851) was his middle age, and it was also the stage when he became an independent scholar and taught as an apprenticeFrom the second year of Xianfeng (1852) to the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), his death was the stage of his scholars.
The road to the imperial examination is full of thorns and difficulties.
In the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), Luo Zenan was eighteen years old, and took the children's examination for the first time, and after that, "seven should be tested for children, not for sale", until the nineteenth year of Daoguang (1839) at the age of thirty-three, he was admitted to the first place in the county examination, so that he saw the list "crying". In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), he was admitted as a first-class student and made up for the meal. is not confused, Luo Zenan is still in the lowest level of fame on the road to the imperial examination. In the thirtieth year of Daoguang (1850), the new emperor ascended the throne, and according to the custom, every province, prefecture, county, and guard was edicted to be filial piety and integrity, and gave six seals to serve for recall. Luo Zenan was recommended by Zhu Sunyi, the magistrate of Xiangxiang County, for his good conduct, talent and excellence, and then he had the opportunity to serve as a scholar. The second is the home of the poor and sick, where there are many deaths, "in ten years, ten people died before and after." Since the loss of Luo Zenan's mother in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), major changes in the Luo family have continued one after another, and the pain is deep and indescribable
In June of the fifth year of Daoguang, he lost his mother;In May of the sixth year of Daoguang, he lost his sister-in-law;In July of the sixth year of Daoguang, he lost his brother;In the seventh year of Daoguang, his niece died;Ten years of Daoguang, lost his grandfather;In the first month of the twelfth year of Daoguang, the second son died;In March of the twelfth year of Daoguang, he lost his eldest son;In the thirteenth year of Daoguang, he lost his sister;In June of the fifteenth year of Daoguang, the third son died young;In June of the fifteenth year of Daoguang, his nephew died.
Luo Zenan's "Lamentation for the Nephew and the Son":
"Woohoo hurts, my weeper today. He cried my nephew, and cried my brother and sister-in-lawHe cried that my son was infertile, and cried that my wife lost his son and lost his sonHe cried that my brother's life and death were uncertain, and he cried that my father's old age did not make his grandson happy;His crying drought is too much for me to live in, and I can't live because of the calamity of the world, and I am not immune to death. In a trance, in a blur, whether it is blood or tears, I can't tell in the end. Woohoo hurts, woohoo hurts!”
After Luo Zenan's marriage in the fourth year of Daoguang (1824), the Luo family had a total of 16 people, and within ten years, 10 people were mourned, and the number of people dropped sharply, and only 6 people remained. Among the six, Luo Zenan's sister and eldest niece are married, and the younger brother Luo Zeshu lives in a foreign country, and his life and death are unknown, and only the Luo couple and his father Luo Jiadan are left in the family. Moreover, due to the pain of losing three sons in a row, his wife was "unable to hear and hear", and was both blind and deaf, and was already disabled. This song "Lamentation of the Nephew and Son" vented the bitterness and pain in his heart. When there were many changes in the family, Luo Zenan never gave up the pursuit of knowledge. He not only studied hard day and night, but also constantly fought for the opportunity to further his studies, and studied at Xiangxiang Lianbin Academy, Shuangfeng Academy and Changsha Chengnan Academy. Lianbin Academy was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties continued to sing songs. Luo Zenan studied here for one year in the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), and was able to "look up to the former sages of the enterprise and leave a long history", laying a preliminary foundation for his research on science.
In the ninth year of Daoguang (1829), Luo Zenan studied for a period of time in Shuangfeng Academy, when the main lecturer of the academy was Chen Daqing, who was born in filial piety and had a high reputation. Chen Daqing attached great importance to Luo Zenan, and invited him to work as a tutor in his Shangyou study. It was during the period when Luo set up the library Shangyou's study that he had read and understood, so as to clarify the direction of his studies. In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), Luo Zenan was admitted to Changsha Chengnan Academy to study, and he lectured and discussed with his classmates Liu Dian and Xie Jingqian, and made great progress in their studies. No matter how "dangerous and rugged" life is, Luo Zenan can still "support himself and be quite unmoved by the world". The hardships of life make him introverted and strong-willed;Diligent study and practice make it ambitious and self-extricating from the customs. As Zeng Guofan commented on him: "Don't worry about the family, but worry about what you have learned and can't be sanctified;."Don't worry about having no skills to make a living, but worry about no skills to help the world. ”
A generation of mellow Confucianism
The sixteenth year of Daoguang (1836) was an important turning point in Luo Zenan's life, in this year he set up a museum in the Chen Shangyou Mountain House, and with his fellow teachers, "often discussed the key to learning, because he took the book "Sexual Theory" to read it, and then studied the study of Xinminluo". "Sex Theory" refers to the "Sex Theory", compiled in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, containing Zhou Dunyi's "Taiji Diagram", "Tongshu", Zhang Zai's "Ximing", "Zhengmeng", Shao Yong's "Huangji Jingshishu", Zhu Xi's "Yi Xue's Enlightenment", "Family Notes" and other works, is a work of Cheng Zhu Lixue's integration, which had a great influence on Luo Zenan. When he described this learning experience, he said: "Yu Er began to obtain the book of Song Confucianism, read it, because of the four sons and six classics of repetition, to the subtlety of the Tao, it is not foolish to peep, but the way of the sages is known, except for the body and mind. What you have learned in the past, you have learned at the end. From this year onwards, he established science as the direction of his studies.
In the following year, he wrote the works he had learned during this period as Chang Yan (1847), which was later revised as Ren Ji Yanyi, and then he wrote Zhou Yi Ben Yi Yan Yan (1840), Yao Jiang Xuezhu (1844), Reading Mencius's Notes (1845), Primary School Rhymes (1848), Ximing Lectures (1849), Huangyu Essentials (1850), and Zhou Yi Supplementary Sayings (1854). These writings of Luo Zenan systematically expounded the basic ideas of Cheng Zhu Lixue, and analyzed and criticized Lu Wang's Xinxue, and his academic thoughts can be summarized into two major characteristics: righteousness and reason, and discernment and defense. Luo Zenan's place of study did not leave Huxiang, and the tradition of Huxiang culture of "emphasizing righteousness and reason, and advocating economy" had a profound impact on him, and the life creed of pursuing "learning and morality as merit" also left a deep imprint on him.
He said: "On the day when a scholar is not responsible for the people's society, it is appropriate to broaden his knowledge, be strict in his conduct, judge the current situation, consider the past and the present, and pre-store what is the business of the king, and what is the business of the king." If you go out, you will do it, and if you don't go out, you will be carried out. That's what works for you. In order to solve all kinds of social problems, it is far from enough to rely on moral preaching, and as a scholar, in addition to working "the subtlety of life" and "the function of body and mind", we must also practice what we do, exhaustively study the ...... of "political gains and losses" and "the rise and fall of the past and the present."Therefore, once the world changes, Luo Zenan can stand up, serve as a scholar, and eventually become a famous general with mellow Confucianism, and achieve extraordinary deeds. Another characteristic of Luo Zenan's academic thought is that he dethroned Yao Jiang and worshiped Ziyang, defending Cheng Zhu's way through academic discrimination. Luo believes that Cheng Zhu Lixue is the descendant of Confucius and Mencius Confucianism, and is the only orthodox study in the world, and that other studies are either vulgar or different, and these secular and heterogeneous studies have had an extremely bad impact on the hearts of the people of the world. He said: "The utilitarianism of management and business, the nothingness of Buddha and the old, the exegesis and words of secular learning, the Yang Confucianism and Yin interpretation of Lu and Wang are shaken again, chaotic, hindered, and drowned", therefore, "secular learning is not degraded, different learning is not extinguished, and the desire is to stand on its extreme, it is the Fujian of desire, the more it tends to Long, Shu also, and I hope that it can reach it!."He regarded the discernment of learning and defending the Tao as the key to the rise and fall of the world and the survival of the country.
In Luo Zenan's view, among all the secular and heterogeneous studies, Lu Wang's Xinxue is actually Yang Confucianism and Yin interpretation, which is the most harmful, so he criticizes and rejects Youli. He had a basic evaluation of Lu Wang's Xinxue: "If Lu Zi's friendship and Yangming's merits are inherently indestructible, but if you want to abolish lectures in order to seek enlightenment, steal the purpose of Zen Gate, for my Confucianism's kung fu, it is harmful to my way, and my generation is determined to take its strengths and praise its merits, especially if you don't know its deviation, and distinguish its fallacy." It can be said that Luo Zenan only affirmed the character and deeds of Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming, but disagreed with their academic thoughts. Since the rise of Yangming Xinxue in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the orthodox status of Cheng Zhu Lixue has been strongly challenged. Although the Qing Dynasty has emphasized and maintained the orthodox status of Cheng Zhu Lixue since the Kangxi Dynasty, making it a temple high, its influence in society and among the people is obviously not as good as that of Wang Xue. Luo Zenan wrote "Yao Jiang Xue Discrimination", which systematically analyzed and criticized from the perspective of academic theory.
The originator of the Hunan army
In order to make a living, Luo Zenan has been a tutor for more than 20 years since he was 18 years old, and has cultivated a large number of talents, just like a generation of famous teachers. If it had not been for the Taiping Rebellion in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), he might have died in Xiangzhong as a famous Confucian teacher. At the turn of summer and autumn in the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Zhu Sunyi, the magistrate of Xiangxiang County, summoned Luo Zenan, who had set up a museum in Changsha, to organize a group exercise, which became another important turning point in Luo's life. In April of that year, the Taiping army captured Quanzhou, Guangxi. Xinning raised Jiang Zhongyuan to lead Chu Yong to fortify Lingyidu in the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River, ambushed the Taiping army, and killed Feng Yunshan, the king of the south. The Taiping army detoured through Yongzhou, entered the territory of Hunan, captured Daozhou in May, rested and expanded the army, and after the army recovered, it captured Yongxing, Anren, Youxian, and Liling, and entered Changsha at the end of July.
Luo Zenan had returned to Xiangxiang to organize a regimental exercise before the Taiping army besieged Changsha, and his protégés responded one after another. Liu Rong, Kang Jinghui and others are his old friends, and they are quite respectful of his moral articles;Wang Zhu, Yi Lianggan, Luo Xindong and other key members of the regimental training are his first, and they are very respectful to him, and later Li Xubin, Li Xuyi and others came to the teacher one after another to help him train his soldiers. Lian Yong from all parts of the county also quickly moved closer to him, waiting for his command and dispatch, forming a powerful cohesive force. After presiding over the regimental training, Luo first put discipline in the first place, and he issued a "notice" with Zhu Sunyi, the magistrate of the county: "If anyone does not obey the order to restrain and spread rumors to confuse the public, commit adultery and plunder, leak military information, and damage people's houses, graves and bodies, the offender will die." If there is a crowd to gamble, to smoke opium, to lose a weapon, to shout and fight, the offender will be punished with a rod. If you don't have a name for no reason, don't practice diligently, don't report in and out, play and sing, and rush to be the first, the offender will be punished. ”
Secondly, Luo Zenan formally organized the Xiangxiang regimental training, imitating the training method of the famous general Qi Jiguang in the Ming Dynasty, and deployed his people. Luo divided the previous Lian Yong into three battalions of left, center, and right, with 360 people in each battalion, and appointed himself as the leader, Wang Zhu, Yi Lianggan, and Kang Jinghui as the sub-commanders, and Luo Xinnan of Zhusheng was responsible for the three battalions of grain, Xie Banghanzhi ordnance, and Wei Wanjie were responsible for soliciting donations to help the army. Then, Luo Zenan followed Qi Jiguang's example and began to train the soldiers of the three battalions, including battle formation drills and military technical drills, and creatively introduced the barracks culture of "governing the army with science", instilling the idea of loyalty to the monarch in the soldiers, and he paid special attention to the traditional Confucian education of etiquette, righteousness, honesty, and shame. At that time, it was proposed to "fight during the day and read at night."Get on the horse to kill the enemy, get off the horse and read". He believes that the profession engaged in by soldiers is easy to fall into the logic of risking their lives for profit, and such an army will eventually lose on the word "profit", so it is necessary to carry out spiritual baptism in the whole army, so that the army will not be afraid of sacrifice and will be indomitable. This is the so-called "governing the army by science". He and the army under the command of Wang Zhu, Li Xubin, Li Xuyi and others adhered to the concept of "science" to govern the army from beginning to end, and then profoundly influenced the thinking of Zeng Guofan, Hu Linyi and others in governing the army. Zeng Guofan praised this sincerely: "Orthodontic apprentices, follow each other to discuss, go out of the fierce battle, and return to preach at dusk." Physicists, many generals, rare in ancient times. The method of military training advocated by Luo Zenan was fundamentally different from that of other provinces and counties at that time, and laid a good foundation for the later Hunan army.
In October of the second year of Xianfeng (1852), the Taiping army attacked Changsha for a long time, so it moved north, and the siege of Changsha was lifted. In December, in order to strengthen the defense of the provincial capital, Zhang Liangji of Hunan Province transferred Luo Zenan to Changsha Yong. At that time, Zeng Guofan, a servant of the Ministry of Rites, was ordered to handle the defense of the Hunan regiment, and Luo Zenan was subordinate to his command, known as "Xiang Yong" (that is, "Xiang Xiang Yong") Luo Zi was in the middle camp, and the left and right battalions were led by Wang Zhu and Luo Xinnan respectively. In the first month of the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Zeng Guofan moved to Hengzhou to organize and train the land and water army. Luo Zenan led his troops to Hengzhou to change the army battalion system with him, changing the battalion to 360 people and 500 people. "There are four sentry posts in each battalion, eight sentry teams per sentry, one sentry and six sentry teams in the personal army, and half of each firearms and spears." There are a total of 23 battalions of the navy and army, and the Hunan army has begun to take shape, and its battalion system and method of training and training are actually from Luo Zenan's "Hunan Yong".
Zeng Guofan later established the fundamental strategy of pacifying the Taiping Army for the Hunan Army, which was also Luo Zenan's proposal. In the 10th year of Xianfeng (1860), Zeng Guofan was inaugurated as the governor of Liangjiang and supervised the military affairs of Jiangnan. In that year, due to Li Xiucheng's determination to forge ahead in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, it caused great pressure on the wealthy areas of the Qing court. In view of this, the Qing court ordered Zeng Guo to aid Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the east, but Zeng disobeyed the order, and put forward a fundamental strategy to pacify Jiangnan: "Since ancient times, the policy of leveling the south of the Yangtze River must be based on the trend of the upper reaches and build down, and it can be successfully ......."If you start from the east road, the internal and external hosts and guests, the situation is completely lost, and there will be no end to the mistakes. As early as the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Luo Zenan wrote to Zeng Guofan on the policy of leveling Wu: "If you want to take Jiujiang and Hukou, you should first map Wuchang;."If you want to take Wuchang, you should first Qingyue and Hubei friends. If it succeeds, it will lead the army eastward, seize Jiujiang and Anqing with a commanding position, and finally recover Jiangning. Therefore, the Qing historical manuscript determined that Luo Zenan's "Book of Raising Aid to Hubei" to "strive for the top" was actually a strategic program related to the overall situation. Another major influence of Zenan on the Hunan army is also particularly reflected in the early days of the formation of the Hunan army, many of its ** with him to join, among which the "Qing Historical Manuscript" has a legend of Wang Ju, Li Xubin, Li Xuyi, Jiang Yili, Liu Tenghong, Yang Changjun, Li Xingchun, Pan Hongtao, Zhong Jinheng, Zhong Jinlian, Yi Lianggan, Zeng Guohua and Zeng Guoquan and other people, but those who did not die early became the mainstay of the Hunan army, and even ranked in the feudal territory.
Fall the stars
In February of the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Zeng Guofan published "Discussion of Cantonese Bandits", claiming that Hong and Yang "cited thousands of years of Chinese etiquette, righteousness, and human ethics and poetry and books, and once swept away, they were ......."Those who are literate and literate, and sit quietly with their hands in their hands, do not think about what to do", and swore to go on the expedition. Considering the frequent rebellions of the Hunan Hui Party, Zeng ordered the two battalions of Luo Zenan and Li Xubin, who were able to take charge on their own, to stay in the province so that they could be quelled at any time. After the battles of Jinggang and Xiangtan, Zeng Guofan reorganized the Hunan army and transferred Wang Zhu's troops back to Xiangnan to replace his division Luo Zenan to perform defense duties. Since then, the battalion commanded by Luo Zenan has become the absolute main force of the Hunan army, and has repeatedly performed miraculous feats in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Anhui provinces, and has experienced more than 200 battles of various sizes. On the second day of the third month of the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), in order to conquer Wuchang as soon as possible and return to the aid of Zeng Guofan, who was trapped in Nanchang, Luo Zenan led his troops to the city of Wuchang, but unfortunately was hit in the left forehead by shrapnel, and suddenly "blood flowed on the face, and the clothes and belts were wet". After returning to the Hongshan camp, Luo Zenan still sat day and night, discussing the siege strategy with the generals. Four days later, Luo Zenan's condition worsened and he could no longer get up, so he lay on his back and gave a few words to his subordinates to ——— stand still when the chaos is extremely chaotic, which is useful learning". This is his ultimate interpretation of the "useful learning" that he has been striving for all his life. On the 8th day of the first month of March, Luo Zenan died of his wounds, and Li Xubin was ordered to take over his army. The Qing court ordered the governor to be compassionate for the death of the governor in battle, and to celebrate the festival of loyalty.
After receiving the news of Luo Zenan's death, Zeng Guofan thundered like five thunders: "When I hear the anger of the spring breeze, I will be heartbroken." Because the Jiangxi battlefield was so dangerous, the news of Luo's death was blocked, "for fear of demoralization, keep it a secret." In his recital to Emperor Xianfeng, Zeng Guofan believed that Luo "rose at the same time as Jiang Zhongyuan and Taqibu, and his military exploits were more outstanding than those of the two", and admitted that Luo's merits were higher than those of the other two famous generals of the Hunan army. When the commander of the Hubei battlefield and Hu Linyi wrote two couplets after Luo Zenan's death, one of them said: "The public came to make me live, the public went to make me horrified, the death of the public made me sad, the seven-foot body is in danger of the world, save the corpse, and the corpse is happy;."The thief returned him to fight, the thief returned him to guard, the thief returned him to death, a blood reward for half a life, success is also a hero, defeat is also a hero. This connection is full of the relationship between Luo Zenan and Hubei Province, as well as the endless pain of Hu Linyi, who regards him as a teacher and a friend. When the bad news was transmitted back to Hunan, Zuo Zongtang, who was then a staff member of Luo Bingzhang in Hunan and a close friend of Luo Zenan, wrote a couplet, which can be regarded as a coffin for his life's career: "Dozens of disciples came to fight, holding a three-foot sword, writing a book of equal bodies, also known as a general, also mellow Confucian, unique for a thousand years, Luo Shan is immortal;."Repay the virtue of the country's 200 years of raising soldiers, restore the city of Liuzhou, kill hundreds of millions of thieves, is a loyal minister, is a good friend, drowned another one, Xiangshui is ruthless. "A generation of mellow Confucianism became the originator of the Hunan army, educated countless ** and had extraordinary deeds, although he died young, Mr. Luo Shan should also smile Jiuquan!