School of Humanities, Chang'an University, 618 Public Administration Postgraduate Examination Materials
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Administrative organization [Shandong Normal University, 2017;Central China Normal University 2013;South China University of Technology, 2011;Sun Yat-sen University, 2008;Beili, 2008].
Answer] Administrative organization is the unification of the static organizational structure and the dynamic organization of the process of activities. Statically speaking, administrative organization refers to the system of administrative organs established by the state in accordance with the law to carry out government affairsDynamically speaking, it refers to the various organizational activities arising from the leadership and management functions of the administrative organs as management systems. Broadly speaking, an administrative organization refers to an organization that combines people engaged in common work into a systematic and coordinated organization through the distribution of powers and responsibilities and tasks in order to carry out certain tasks;In a narrow sense, it refers to a systematic organization formed for the implementation of the state's government affairs. Administrative organization is the basis of administrative management and the main body of social and public affairs management. All kinds of administrative activities must be completed through administrative organizations, and only by relying on scientific administrative organizations can the functions of state administration be effectively exercised.
Network organization
Answer] Network organization refers to a dynamic organizational system based on contract, which usually has a core organization responsible for coordinating the relationship and activities with other organizations. A network organization is an organizational form with almost no boundaries, and its core can be connected or broken with any other organization as needed. The advantages of network organization are: it can reduce management costs, improve management efficiency, and improve the efficiency and adaptability of the organization;Realize the integration of the functions of various departments within the organization;Simplify the organization and management hierarchy to achieve fully empowered management of the organization. The disadvantage is that it must cooperate with other organizations to be valuable, and it needs to be supported by technology and the external environment.
Marketization of public services
Answer] The marketization of public services refers to the formulation of policies by formulating, reviewing, implementing, and reviewing, clarifying the number of public services that need to be provided, as well as hardware and software standards, and using market mechanisms as levers to encourage the participation of the private sector, non-profit sector and other organizations through material interests or public welfare behaviors, so as to complete the supply of public services in competition. The purpose is to improve the ability of the department to provide public services by introducing market mechanisms and tapping all available resources in the society under the premise of not giving up the responsibility of public policy-making. According to David, there are generally four forms of marketization of public services: public-private partnerships, fee-based systems, contract leasing and voucher systems.
Hearing system
Answer] The hearing system in public decision-making refers to holding public hearings on policies, planning and decision-making involving public interests and citizens' interests, and extensively listening to the opinions of the public and relevant interest groups, so as to ensure that policies, planning and decision-making are more in line with public opinion and public interests. Under the hearing system, before the administrative organ makes a decision that affects the lawful rights and interests of the administrative counterpart, the administrative organ shall inform the administrative organ of the reasons for the decision and the right to a hearing, and the administrative counterpart has the right to express opinions and provide evidence, and the administrative organ shall hear opinions and accept evidence. The hearing system is widely implemented in modern democratic society to ensure that all stakeholders participate in the public decision-making process on an equal footing, which is of great significance for realizing democratic, open and scientific decision-making and improving the fairness of public policies.
Strategic Management in the Public Sector
Answer] Public sector strategic management is a process of policy decision-making and implementation of public sector to achieve the strategic objectives of public management by establishing and adjusting long-term strategic objectives, making appropriate policy choices, and integrating resources on the basis of analyzing changes in the internal and external environment. Different from private sector strategic management, the nature of public sector strategic management is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: The fundamental nature of public sector strategic management is public;The goal pursued by the strategic management of the public sector is to create public value and realize the public good;The content and process of strategic management in the public sector are integrated with its particular context.
Community Governance [Foreign Economic and Trade Research, 2009].
Answer] Community governance refers to the activities of managing community public affairs and promoting the sustainable development of the community within a certain geographical scope with community autonomous organizations, non-profit organizations, jurisdictional units and community residents. The specific connotations of community governance include: The composition of community autonomy actors has broken through the past situation of "dominance and domination of the world", and formed a new pattern of pluralistic and diverse actorsAs a long-term process, community autonomy attaches more importance to the cultivation of the basic elements of the community in addition to the completion of specific and specific tasks of economic and social developmentThe act of community self-government is directed at the public affairs in the community, which is a broad field related to the vital interests of community membersAs an alternative social management model that is different from the most administrative management mode, the direction of community governance is not always a single and top-down direction, it is a multi-directional, top-down interactive process. Its advantages are: it does not spend or rarely spends ** money;The active participation of citizens has been widely supported and welcomed. However, as a policy tool, community governance is weak and can often only be used as an auxiliary tool.
Briefly describe the important contents of community governance.
Answer] Community governance refers to the activities of managing community public affairs and promoting the sustainable development of the community within a certain geographical scope with community autonomous organizations, non-profit organizations, jurisdictional units and community residents.
1) The specific connotations of community governance include:
The composition of community autonomy has broken through the past situation of "dominating the world and dominating the world", and formed a new pattern of pluralistic and diverse actors.
As a long-term process, community autonomy attaches more importance to the cultivation of the basic elements of the community in addition to the completion of specific and specific tasks of economic and social development
The act of community self-government is directed at the public affairs in the community, which is a broad field related to the vital interests of community members
As an alternative social management model that is different from the most administrative management mode, the direction of community governance is not always a single and top-down direction, it is a multi-directional, top-down interactive process.
2) Community governance is an important policy tool, including:
In the community, through the establishment of various nursing homes, welfare homes, ** centers, medical stations, nurseries, kindergartens and other facilities.
Community care for the elderly, children and the disabled.
Mobilize community residents to participate in the cleaning and sanitation work to protect the community environment from time to time, and beautify the living environment.
Strengthen the management of community policing, etc.
3) The advantages of community governance are:
Money that is not spent or rarely spent.
The active participation of citizens has been widely supported and welcomed.
4) Limitations of Community Governance:
As a policy tool, community governance is weak and can often only be used as an auxiliary tool.
This paper briefly describes the basic content and characteristics of the public service orientation model.
Answer] The public service-oriented model represents a new fusion of the concept of private sector management and the concept of public sector management, which emphasizes the public service mission of the public sector but adopts the quality management ideas of the "good practice" of the private sector. The basic content and characteristics of this model are:
1) The primary concern is to improve the quality of service (e.g., applying quality incentives, adopting a total quality management approach), emphasizing output value, but must be based on the achievement of the public service mission.
2) Reflect the wishes, requirements and interests of users (rather than ordinary customers) in the management process, and use the voice of users rather than the exit of customers as a feedback loop, emphasizing the concept of citizenship.
3) Suspicion of the role of market mechanisms in public service, advocating a transfer of power from appointees to elected local councils.
and 4) emphasizing a whole-of-society learning process for the provision of daily services (e.g., encouraging community development, conducting social needs assessments).
5) Requires a series of continuous public service missions and values, emphasizing citizen participation and public accountability.
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