CCTV News Client |Author: Tian Yunhua, Yan Hong.
Today (21st), the State Administration of Cultural Heritage released the progress of the major project of "Archaeological China". The four projects are from Shaanxi, Hubei and Hunan, spanning thousands of years. There are not only sacrificial sites showing the ancient Chinese sacrificial system, but also the largest independent cemetery from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties. The ruins of the ancient city of Dutou found in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province are important representatives of the ancient cities in the Nanling area of China from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties. In the Qinjiazui cemetery in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, a large number of Warring States Chu slips and characters have been found, covering many fields such as the Six Arts, Zhuzi, Cifu, Shushu, Fangji, etc., which is a precious material for studying the history, culture and thought of the pre-Qin period.
Sacrificial site: Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, the site of the lower station.
The site of the lower station is located in Chencang District, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, on the plateau on the south bank of the Wei River at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, and is a sacrificial site from the Spring and Autumn Period to the late Western Han Dynasty. From 2020 to 2023, with the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the National Museum of China, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and other units jointly carried out archaeological excavations at the Xiazhan site, and a series of progress was made.
The total area of the lower station site is about 230,000 square meters, and more than 1,400 sacrificial relics have been found. At present, 99 sacrificial pits of various types have been excavated by archaeology. The sacrificial pit is divided into three shapes: long, rectangular, and cavern. In the middle of spring and autumn, the sacrificial pit is mainly in the shape of a north-south elongated strip, and cattle and livestock are mainly buried in the pit. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the east-west rectangular pit is the mainstay, in addition to the animal sacrifice pit, the most important thing is that there is a chariot and horse pit, the pit is buried in the practical car, and the shape of the chariot and horse tool is almost the same as that unearthed from the No. 2 chariot and horse pit of the No. 1 tomb of Qin Gong.
During the Warring States Period, the shape of the chariot and horse pit was reduced, the content changed, and the practical car began to transform into a model car, and began to place jade figures, jade huang and jade cong in the car, and this jade combination continued until the Western Han Dynasty. During the period from the unification of the Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, a new cave sacrificial pit appeared, and model chariots and horses were placed in the cave. According to the "Historical Records" and other documents and the information such as the pottery inscription of the word "secret" unearthed in the site, it is basically confirmed that the site of the lower station is the secret site set up in the fourth year of Qin Xuangong (672 BC).
The Qin and Han dynasties successively set up the Dun Pavilion, the Dense Pavilion, the Wuyang Upper Pavilion, the Lower Pavilion, and the North Emperor, respectively to worship the White Emperor, the Green Emperor, the Yellow Emperor, the Yan Emperor and the Black Emperor, and the history is called "Yongwu Pavilion". The site of the lower station is the secret of Yongwu (the place where the ancient emperor worshiped the Qingdi), which was used from 672 BC to the late Western Han Dynasty. With the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Yongwuqi was transformed from a sacrificial place in the vassal states to a place for sacrificing to heaven in the great unified dynasty country, systematically showing the historical process of the development of the ancient Chinese sacrificial system and China's traditional ritual culture.
Independent Cemetery: Beicheng Village Cemetery, Xixian New District, Shaanxi Province.
Located in Xixian New District, Shaanxi Province, Beicheng Village Cemetery is a large tribal cemetery from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties. At present, 1 cemetery ditch has been revealed, and 285 tombs in the ditch have been revealed, and important results have been achieved. The ditch in the cemetery of Beicheng Village is about 350 meters long from east to west, about 260 meters wide from north to south, and the cemetery area in the ditch is more than 80,000 square meters.
Archaeological exploration has found 301 tombs from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties, and 285 have been excavated so far. The tombs are planned in an orderly manner, arranged neatly, and the tomb roads are all east-facing. The tombs of the Sixteen Kingdoms are located in the northeast of the cemetery, a total of 38, distributed in four rows, and the tomb forms are all long-slope tomb tombs, and the tomb roads have two or ** steps. Unearthed pottery figurines, pottery horse riding figurines, pottery ox carts, pottery nine pan lianzhi lamps, pottery stoves and other utensils, among them, the M452 tomb found soil carving imitation wood building modeling, which is rare in the tombs of the Sixteen Kingdoms.
There are a total of 101 tombs from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Western Wei Dynasty, located on the south side and west side of the Sixteen Kingdoms Tombs, with five columns arranged at equal distances, and the tomb shape is basically a single-chamber cave tomb with a long slope tomb, and only one is a brick chamber cave tomb. There are almost no burial goods in the tombs, only clay pots and pottery model couches unearthed from individual tombs. Among them, M325 unearthed the "Taihe 13th year" epitaph brick of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and M135 unearthed the "15th year of Datong" epitaph brick of the Western Wei Dynasty. There are a total of 146 tombs in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui and Tang dynasties, distributed in the west and northeast of the cemetery, and the tombs are shaped into two kinds of cave tombs and cave tombs with slope tombs and vertical pit tombs.
Beicheng Village Cemetery is the largest independent cemetery from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties discovered so far, with a clear layout, orderly planning and a long duration, which vividly reproduces the process of the gradual integration of ethnic minorities and Han culture that migrated to Guanzhong from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Eastern Zhou Cemetery: Qinjiazui Cemetery, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province.
The content of the bamboo slips includes the "Jiujiushu", that is, the multiplication formula.
Qinjiazui Cemetery is located in the Jinan Ecological and Cultural Tourism Zone of Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, about 1 km away from the ruins of the ancient capital of Chu in the west, and is a cemetery in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. With the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Jingzhou Museum will conduct archaeological excavations of the cemetery in 2023, in which the tomb M1093** has a large number of bamboo slips, which has important historical value.
M1093 is a Chu tomb from the late Warring States period, which is preliminarily inferred to date from the reign of King Xuan of Chu to King Wei of Chu (369 BC to 329 BC). The tomb is a rectangular vertical pit pit tomb with the head of the niche, a rectangular arc-shaped hanging bottom single coffin, 19 pieces (sets) of burial utensils were unearthed, which were placed in the head niche, the east side of the coffin, the north side of the coffin, and 2 sets of bamboo slips were located in the bamboo bamboo bamboo on the north side of the head niche and the coffin.
After the first phase of indoor protection treatment by the Jingzhou Cultural Relics Protection Center, a total of 3,910 bamboo slips were uncovered, and it is estimated that 1,200 to 1,500 pieces can be conjugated, with a word count of about 30,000 words. The font of Jianwen is a typical Warring States Chu system of simple silk characters, and the content has been preliminarily identified, including 5 categories: (1) six arts, including "Shangshu Lu Xing", "Confucius Dao Qin Mugong", "Qi Huan Gong Asks Yu Guan Zhong", "Fan Min", "Junzi", "Song of the Marquis of Qi Zhuang Invasion of the Jin Dynasty", "Shuyu Admonishes Jin Zhuang Pinggong", etc.; (2) Sub-categories, including "Situ Di", "Hou Q Yu Yuanming", "Four Kings and Five Tyrants", etc.; (3) Dictionaries, including "Hidden Words", etc.; (4) Mathematics, including "Ninety-Nine Techniques", "Book of Days", etc.; (5) Fang skills, including "Sick Prescription", "Horse Breeding", etc.
Qinjiazui M1093 is the tomb with the largest number and text of Chu Jian unearthed in the Warring States Period, and the content of Chu Jian covers many fields such as six arts, Zhuzi, Cifu, Shushu, Fang Technique, etc., and is a precious material for studying the history, culture and thought of the pre-Qin period. In particular, the unearthed "Shangshu Lü Xing" is of great value for the collation of hand-me-down documents; "The Song of the Marquis of Qi Zhuang Invasion of the Jin Dynasty" and "Shu Yu Admonishing the Pinggong of Jin Zhuang" enrich the details of historical figures and add new materials to historical research.
Ancient city ruins: the ruins of the ancient city of Dutou, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province.
Nearly 10,000 pieces of Wu slips from the Three Kingdoms period were unearthed.
The ruins of the ancient city of Dutou are located in Linwu County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, and are the seat of "Linwu" County from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties. In recent years, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage has supported the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology to carry out systematic archaeological investigation and excavation of the site, and has made important gains.
The ruins include the ancient city site (government office area), residential living areas, handicraft areas and burial areas. The plan of the government office area is nearly square, the side length is about 100 meters, and there are trenches dug outside the government office area. About 300 meters to the northeast outside the government office area is a residential area; 10 kilometers to the northwest is the handicraft production area; The cemetery is distributed on the low hill around the outside of the government office area, a total of 3 cemeteries have been found, and about 400 tombs have been preliminarily discovered, dating from the Western Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties.
From 2022 to 2023, the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology carried out key excavations in the central and northwest areas of the Ya Office District, revealing a large rectangular house site sitting northeast facing southwest, which is 22 meters long from north to south and 8 meters wide from east to west5 meters. The foundation grooves, doorways, roads, wells, and movable surfaces of the house site are well preserved, and it is preliminarily judged that the house site is an important foundation site of the government office during the Six Dynasties. Nearly 10,000 pieces of Wu State slips were unearthed in the site and near the wells in the Three Kingdoms period, including wooden tablets, wooden slips, signing, sealing and inspection, cutting clothes, etc., there are "six years of Huangwu", "two years of Huanglong", "two years of Jiahe" and other years, which are the administrative documents of Linwu County, and the content involves the administrative division, taxation, household registration, tuntian, mining and metallurgy of Linwu County.
The ruins of the ancient city of Dutou are an important representative of the ancient cities in the Nanling area of China from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties. The archaeological discoveries have constructed the sequence of archaeological and cultural development from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties in the Nanling area, and provide important information for the study of the development and effective governance of the Nanling area by the ancient political regime.