Academic Forum
Introduction: Xunhua County, Qinghai Province is located in the core area of the Ganqing Ethnic Corridor, and has a long history of ethnic interaction, forming many ethnic villages embedded in each other. Through field investigation, GIS spatial analysis, spatial syntax and other methods, this paper first sorted out the formation background of typical ethnic inter-embedded villages on the inner edge of the countySecondly, it focuses on the inter-ethnic villages (Kewa area), sorts out the historical evolution of the landscape pattern, and analyzes the characteristics of the landscape patternFinally, the formation mechanism behind the traditional landscape pattern is summarized. This paper attempts to provide an academic reference for the creation of a spatial path of ethnic exchange, exchange and integration and the construction of ethnic embedding communities.
Wen Jia Jingping Cui Wenhe.
Foreword
* The National Work Conference pointed out that it is necessary to strengthen the exchanges, exchanges and integration of various ethnic groups, and emphasized the need to promote the establishment of a mutually embedded social structure and community environment. The construction of ethnic inter-embedded communities and the acceleration of the process of ethnic exchanges also affect the development of ethnic space, but the relevant research on human settlements has not been carried out in depth. From the perspective of landscape pattern, the inter-ethnic villages are not confined to simple ethnic scattered or mixed villages, but form a spatial structure of interlaced and scattered ethnic groups with organic interaction. In the evolution of the landscape pattern of thousands of years in the inter-ethnic villages, various ethnic groups have flowed and interacted with each other for a long time, forming a harmonious coexistence experience.
Xunhua County, Qinghai Province, connects the two provinces of Gansu and Qingdao from east to west, and runs through the urban and rural areas of Hehuang and the pastoral areas of southern Gansu and Qinghai from north to south. With such a special geographical location, the organic interaction and good relations of different ethnic groups are realized here, and many ethnic groups are embedded in each other's villages. With the historical development, the change of dynasties, the intercommunication of economic changes, and the influx of multi-ethnic cultures, the typical ethnic inter-embedded villages with the juxtaposition of cities and villages have been formed in the ancient city, which have been at the forefront of ethnic exchanges since ancient times, and are typical representatives of ethnic interaction space. This paper deeply explores the formation mechanism of ethnic harmony and symbiosis behind the traditional landscape pattern of ethnic inter-embedded villages, and provides an important basis and reference for the construction and improvement of ethnic inter-embedded communities in the future.
OneThe background of the formation of ethnic inter-ethnic villages
In this paper, the ethnic villages in Xunhua County were screened, and six villages located on the geopolitical artery were Hongguang Village, Jishi Town Old Town, Xiazhuang Village, Lage Village, Kewa District, and Qitaibao Village. This chapter reviews the background of the formation of the six villages from two aspects: natural environment and human environment.
1.The border between Gansu and Qingdao, bordering agriculture and animal husbandry - the emergence of villages
Xunhua County is located at the junction of Gansu and Qingdao, and the middle section of the Yellow River flows through it. The special geographical location has formed two major mainstream arteries in the territory of Ganqing: Linxia - Xunhua;Lanzhou—Xunhua. The formation of the two main arteries prompted the establishment of some ancient cities along the main roads in the county, so as to reclaim the frontier. These ancient cities evolved over time into the current inter-ethnic villages, and they are the most frequent points of interaction and integration between various ethnic groups in the ethnic corridor. This section summarizes the location of these six villages based on the location of the geopolitical arteries.
1) Linxia - Xunhua, passing through Lage Village, Kewa District, Qitaibao Village. Labrother Village is located on the south side of Niucal Mountain, and is the node of the first post station on the plateauThe Kova area, from the area through the Tibetan area of the county to carry out the tea horse ** important pass;Qitaibao Village is the gateway for Gansu pastoral areas to enter the territory of Xunhua. The Kova area and the village of Kitaibao are located on the first and second plateaus through which the Kitai River flows. The location of these three villages provides a good view of the view. It is located in the transition zone between agriculture and nomadism, and has both land use properties, which further promotes the exchange between ethnic groups.
2) Lanzhou-Xunhua, passing through Hongguang Village, the old town of Jishi Town and Xiazhuang Village, built along the Yellow River. Hongguang Village and Xiazhuang Village are the entry and exit points of Xunhua County, and in order to enhance the defense, the site is more inclined to be selected in a mountainous area, which obstructs the line of sight. As the county capital, the old town of Jishi Town, in addition to defense, takes into account commerce, production, life and other aspects, and pays more attention to circulation, so the site selection is more open. The site of the city was built near the Yellow River, and the peoples who came and went were inevitably more frequent. (Fig).
Figure 1 Geographical arteries in Xunhua County.
Figure 2 Geographical arteries in Xunhua County.
2.Post trade, ethnic warfare - the influx of nationalities
The formation of villages is not only influenced by the natural environment, but also inseparable from the continuous influx of ethnic groups. The mainstream period of ethnic influx in Xunhua County was the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty.
1) During the Tang Dynasty, Henan Dongdao appeared in Xunhua, and Henan Dao gradually emerged under the influence of the Tangbo Ancient Road in the early and middle Tang Dynasty, while the nomadic economy relied on commerce, and Tuyuhun also began to develop Henan Dao as a country based on international commerce. The line meets with Qitaibao Village, to the north to the Kewa area, because there is the Yellow River to the north of the area, the river is very wide and not suitable to cross, and then the ancient traffic is changed to the west to the ancient city of Qunke, passing through the village of Brother and Hongguang, resulting in more frequent ethnic exchanges in the area through which it flows.
2) The ancestors of the Salar people migrated eastward during the Yuan Dynasty. Influenced by the Mongols' westward expedition, the Salar ancestors moved eastward through the North Tianshan Road and Turpan, entered Jiayuguan, went to Ningxia, then traveled southeast to Tianshui, turned back to the west, went to Gangu, then to Lintan, and entered Ganjiatan in Xiahe County through Labrang. Subsequently, some people went northwest from Ganjiatan, entered Xunhua Xichanggou, crossed Mengda Mountain, and went up to Wutusi Mountain. This route passes through Tibetan, Tu, Hui, Han, Dongxiang, Baoan and other ethnic groups, and it is also the peak period of the influx of Salar ethnic groups into Xunhua.
2. Historical evolution of the landscape pattern of the Kawa area
In this paper, the Kewa area, an ethnic inter-embedded village located in a geopolitical artery, is selected as the key research object. From the Tang Dynasty to the present, it is divided into four stages of development to sort out the spatial evolution of the overall settlement in the Kewa area.
1.Early generation: Early Tang Dynasty
According to the historical materials of ancient books, the ancient city of Kova was built in the Kova area in 631 AD. In 641 A.D., Henan Province arose, and the Ancient Tea Horse Road in the Kewa area was born. The area was located at the junction of Gansu and Tuyuhun in the Tang Dynasty, and the ancient Qiang people lived on the west side of the area.
2.Early development: Song and Yuan dynasties
In the early Song Dynasty, the ancient city of Kova was used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, Henan Road continued to develop, and the Ancient Tea Horse Road still remained. At this time, the place of ownership of the Kova area was under the jurisdiction of Tibet. During the Yuan Dynasty, Genghis Khan marched westward, and the Salar people moved eastward. However, there are still only a few places inhabited by the ancient Qiang people in the Kowa area, mainly Mongolians and Tibetans, which are under the jurisdiction of the Xuanzheng Yuan at this time.
3.Mid-term development: Ming and Qing dynasties
During the Ming Dynasty, the Han-Tibetan tea horse ** gradually flourished, and the ancient road was developed. Within the area, there are the villages of Zhuge and Shangkava, which were built by the Salar people. During the Qing Dynasty, the Ancient Tea Horse Road was still thriving, and Shangkewa Village was relocated to the surrounding area, forming Suhusha Village. The three villages expanded around the mosque and the farmland increased, and more roads began to be added. The landscape pattern of the village is dominated by the Salar ethnic group, and the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups are integrated into it. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the jurisdiction was also changed from Shaanxi to Gansu, and the Xichang Tibetan people on the west side of the area were also under the jurisdiction of the Salar people.
4.Late finalization: ** to date
Over time, the Kova area has now housed seven villages. They are Zhuge Village, Shangkewa Village, Xiakewa Village, Tiaojing Village, Jiujiaping, Suhusha Village, and Jiangburi Village. Due to the increase in population and the increase in the demand for farmland, in 1960, the interior of the ancient city was reclaimed, and the internal pattern of the ancient city was destroyed, and the border gradually disappeared. In 2014, Jiujiaping began to appear, and in 2016, the construction of a highway damaged the boundaries of the ancient city. Since 2017, there has been no significant change. The ** ethnic group has been formed into a mode of communication between the Kowa Salar and the Xichang Tibetans. The two communities have always been in the same jurisdiction and have a certain degree of circulation in life and transportation. (Figure 3).
Fig. 3 Historical evolution of village landscape pattern.
3 Analysis of the characteristics of the landscape pattern of ethnic inter-embedded villages
Through the analysis of the landscape pattern after the evolution and development of the Kewa area, it is concluded that in terms of the spatial characteristics of settlement, architecture and spatial behavior, it has the characteristics of mutual embedding of ethnic settlement patterns, the integrated development of ethnic construction wisdom, and the continuation of ethnic groups.
1.Settlement form: The pattern of ethnic settlement is embedded with each other
Judging from the evolution of the Kova area in different periods, the geographical location and morphological changes of the area are relatively stable. The Kewa area is located on the triangular platform at the confluence of the Xichang River and the Qitai River, and the north and south sides are sandwiched by the Gara Mountain and the Guwei Mountain, and the mountain gradually closes to the west. From the point of view of the location of the settlement, it is located in the river valley area, and the surrounding river water and mountain rainwater can be borrowed to collect here for farming, resulting in the area mainly inhabited by the Salar people. From the perspective of the shape of the settlement itself, the triangular spatial form of the settlement has become a transition zone between nomadism and farming, so the surrounding area of the Kowa area is not only inhabited by the Salar people, but also by the Tibetan people on the west side and the Han people on the east side. It can be seen that the special settlement form of the Kova area has prompted different ethnic groups to embed each other, and formed the pattern characteristics of "large mixed settlement, small settlement". (Figure 4).
Fig. 4 Analysis of the current settlement pattern in the Kova area.
2.Religious Architecture: The Convergence and Development of Ethnic Building Wisdom
After thousands of years of evolution, the Kova area has not only formed the mutual embedding of various ethnic groups in the form of settlements, but also absorbed the excellent construction skills of various ethnic groups in religious buildings, reflecting the mutual integration of ethnic groups. This paper compares the Salar Kawa Mosque with the Hui Huajuexiang Mosque in Xi'an and the Tsongkhapa Complex in the Ta'er Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism in Qinghai Province. The overall layout is oriented to the west and east, and the layout of the Han-style courtyard is mainly absorbed. The building is built, the worship hall is the main hall of the Kawa Mosque, the roof of the building is the roof of the kiln hall using the top of the temple, the main hall is the top of the mountain, and the combination of the two vertically intersects. The details of the decoration, first of all, the courtyard gate, the building door decoration with the characteristics of the courtyard and the local "Zhuang Kuo". Secondly, the building courtyard wall uses a large number of "Hezhou brick carving", which is the traditional skill of the Hui people. Finally, the roof ridge and the interior decoration of the building, Islamic doctrine prohibits the deification of people or the personification of gods, and the roof decoration of the Kewa Mosque mostly uses geometric patterns, text patterns and plant patterns, and the Xi'an Huajue Lane Mosque, which is also influenced by the traditional architecture of the Central Plains will also add the decoration of auspicious birds and beasts. At the same time, the interior paintings of the Kowa Mosque are very similar to those of the Taal Monastery, and both use a lot of Tibetan colors. Through the above comparative analysis, it can be seen that the overall layout, plane form and detailed decoration all reflect the integration of construction wisdom among the Han, Tibetan, Hui and Salar ethnic groups. (Table 1).
Table 1 Architectural features of the Kova Mosque and other ethnic groups.
3.Space Behavior: The continuation of the path of the family **
This subsection uses spatial syntax to interpret the development of village patterns and ethnic communication paths within the Kova area. The behavior of ethnic interaction is affected by the spatial structure, so this paper first analyzes the internal village pattern of the Kova area through spatial syntax. By using dethmap, the scatter plot obtained by combining the global integration degree with the local integration degree - intelligibility, according to syntactic theory, the r2 value is 05 to 07 indicates that the spatial intelligibility is better, and when the r2 value is greater than 07. Spatial intelligibility is excellent. The comprehensibility r2 value of the Kova area is about 026, less than 05. It shows that the landscape pattern of the Kova area still retains the defensive nature of the ancient city pattern. The evolution of the landscape pattern in the Kova area for thousands of years has always retained the traditional village texture, which is very beneficial to the local ethnic groups. (Figure 5-3).
Figure 5 Proximity, Walkthrough, and Comprehensibility.
Secondly, it focuses on the ethnic exchanges in the Kowa area. In this paper, the line segment model is drawn with 3 km as the radiation radius in the Kova area. The proximity and walk-through degree of the line segment model were calculated by SDNA in GIS. From the perspective of global proximity, the proximity of the east side of the Kova area is very high, and it is the place where the best gathering, and it is the main area to absorb the surrounding Tibetans, Salar and Han people. In order to prove it closely, the global Moran index and kernel density analysis map obtained from the spatial autocorrelation and kernel density operation in GIS show that the Kova area is the core area of ethnic exchanges, and has a high degree of spatial dependence with the surrounding ethnic regions. From the global travel degree, it can be seen that the degree of connectivity between the Kova area and the Tibetans on the west side is higher than that of other surrounding areas. Combined with field research, this can also be confirmed, the Tibetan people on the west side are located in a high-altitude area and live as nomads, which will be more closed than the Kova area. The daily traffic is also connected with the outside world through the route with the highest degree of travel, combined with the POI points of interest to analyze the global integration, draw the flow of ethnic groups, and find that to meet the daily life needs of the Tibetan people on the west side, it is necessary to pass through the Kawasala people, and there is an obvious spatial interaction. (Fig).
Figure 6 Global Moran Index Figure 7 Kernel density analysis Figure 8 POI integration analysis.
Fourth, the formation mechanism of harmonious symbiosis in the landscape pattern
The formation mechanism is affected by the geographical environment and human environment, and this paper summarizes the geospatial characteristics into belts, and the communicative communication of ethnic groups into points, and conducts the study of the formation mechanism, which is summarized into the following three points.
1.The edge of agricultural and pastoral land, the interconnection point of the family
From the geographical point of view, the area is located in the transition zone between the river valley and the plateau, is the junction of farming and nomadism, both grazing and cultivation of two kinds of agricultural activities, the Tibetan people live in the plateau area, nomadic herding, Salar and Han mostly live in the valley and the plain area, mainly farming, in order to meet the daily needs of life, so that the surrounding ethnic groups gather here, become the interconnection point of the ethnic group.
2.Spatial characteristic buffer zone, the balance point of ethnic group communication
From the perspective of settlement form, the form of the Kova area gradually tightens from east to west due to the influence of the triangular plateau. The overall spatial perception is gradually moving from openness to closure. Combined with the degree of integration, it can be seen that the lower the degree of agglomeration to the west and the higher the degree of agglomeration to the east, the space with the higher degree of agglomeration is more suitable for use as commercial space, and the space with a lower degree of agglomeration can retain traditional agriculture, which reflects the high degree of accommodation of industrial types in the area and the formation of a state of industrial complementarity.
3.The space is equipped with a correlation zone, a meeting point for ethnic groups
With the continuous development of urban and rural construction, new spaces are constantly being added to the village space, and the addition of new functional spaces such as schools, shops, and squares in the Kowa area has become an important factor in promoting the exchange between ethnic groups. Through the analysis of the integration degree of POI points of interest, although the highest integration degree of POI is located about 1 km east of the Kawa area, combined with the degree of travel, if the Xichang Tibetans meet the daily needs of the ethnic group, they must pass through the Kawasala and intersect with the surrounding Han people. Therefore, from the perspective of the additional location of the new functional space, it not only respects the characteristics of the space itself, but also meets the daily needs of ethnic life, and promotes the gathering of ethnic groups here.
V. Conclusion
Since 2014, a series of policies have been proposed to strengthen ethnic exchanges, exchanges and integration, and some disciplines have been sparked. However, there is a lack of research from the perspective of human settlements. Attaching importance to the development of this study is conducive to the harmonious development of human settlements in multi-ethnic areas, and strengthens ethnic unity and long-term peace and stability of the country. Through the study of the landscape pattern of the villages in the Kewa area, which are embedded in ethnic groups on the main transportation arteries, this paper explores the formation mechanism of harmonious coexistence of ethnic groups, which embodies the role of bonding, balancing, intercommunication and integration, and is the survival experience of harmonious coexistence condensed by continuous exchanges and exchanges between various ethnic groups for thousands of years. Exploring the formation mechanism of harmonious coexistence is helpful to optimize the spatial path of ethnic exchanges, exchanges and integration, and provides an academic reference for the construction of ethnic embedded communities.
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The author of this article is Jia Jingping, a master's student of Xi'an University of Architecture and TechnologyCui Wenhe is a professor at Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology. This article is a national social science ** project and an ethnic research project of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission. This article was included in the compilation of "Chinese National Architecture Academic ** Special Issue 2023").
Chinese Ethnic Architecture Academic **Special Issue 2023
In 2023, after solicitation and expert group review, screening and recommendation, the research society selected 57 outstanding ** articles to be included in the "Chinese National Architecture Academic ** Special Issue 2023", which has been officially published in October 2023 and included in the China Academic Conference ** database and CNKI. At the same time, the research society has also recommended excellent ** to journals such as "Architectural Heritage", "Southern Architecture" and "Central China Architecture" for the selection and use of these core journals.
This article is authorized by the author, compiled and edited by the Information and Publicity Department of the China National Architecture Research Association, and more exciting content will be expected in the next issue).