**Period, rich in warlords,Yuan ShikaiAfter death there isWu PeifuDuan QiruiZhang ZuolinChiang Kai-shekAfter the unification of the country, there isFeng YuxiangYan XishanLi ZongrenIn addition to this, there are large and small warlords scattered all over the place.
Today we're going to talk about the NorthwestMa JiajunBecause this force has been deeply cultivated in the northwest region for many years, it once killed the Red Army, and even on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was still resisting stubbornly.
First, the rise of Ma Jiajun
After the Opium Wars, there were many uprisings across China.
FigOpium Wars
The specific causes of the uprising vary, but they can be summed up in two aspects.
On the one hand, it is a large amount of compensation, and the money has to come out of the people, and the people's lives are getting worse and harder, and they will rise up if they can't survive.
On the other hand, the Qing ** is always beaten, and everyone sees that the rotten Qing ** is no longer good, then I can also organize an uprising against the Qing **.
The Northwest Territories also occurred on a relatively large scaleThe Muslim uprising, which lasted for ten years before and after, and many people died.
Finally, there were the famous ministers of the Qing DynastyZuo ZongtangThe counterinsurgency work has taken a turn for the better.
FigZuo Zongtang
Zuo Zongtang came to the northwest and achieved many victories, but it was not as simple as being invincible, he met the founder of the Ma JiajunMa Zhanao, and failed.
Born in 1830 in Linxia County, Gansu Province, Ma Zhanao rose to prominence in the Hui uprising and became the leader of the rebel army, most of his deputies were surnamed Ma.
Ma Zhanao met the Hunan army and won the first battle, which shook the morale and morale of the Hunan army.
But he was very self-aware, and knew that at that time the uprising had come to an end, and he had only 1,800 men, and he was already in a situation where he could not support himself. So he persuaded the people to lead his troops to surrender.
After the surrender, Ma Zhanao was loyal, ordered all villages to sacrifice horses, spears, and grain to the Hunan army, and led his men and horses to actively participate in the counterinsurgency work in Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and other places in accordance with the unified deployment of the Hunan army.
Ma Zhanao's outstanding performance has won the trust of the Qing Dynasty and has become an important armed force guarding Linxia.
FigMa Zhanao
There are many generals surnamed Ma who rebelled with Ma Zhanao, surrendered together, and grew up together, and it looks like a headache if they write too much, so let's talk about two main ones first, one is calledMa Qianling, another calledMa Haiyan
Ma Zhanao died of illness in 1886, and power was handed over to his sonMa Anliang
The second-generation head Ma Anliang was born in 1855, thinking that when Ma Zhanao surrendered to the Hunan army, he was the first messenger, and his calm and calm performance made Zuo Zongtang very satisfied, so he gave the name Ma Anliang, the original name wasMa seventy-five, it is no longer used.
If it is only the son inheriting the father's business, it may be possible to mix wealth, but it is difficult to develop. Ma Anliang is obviously a promising child, and he refuses to keep eating his old book.
In the first five years, there was another large-scale Muslim uprising in the local area. The rebel army was so strong that the Qing troops stationed there were helpless, and the Qing troops sent to quell the rebellion were also eliminated.
At the critical moment, Qing ** was transferred back from the southern region of Xinjiang, thousands of miles awayDong FuxiangWith the joint efforts of Dong Fuxiang and Ma Anliang, the vigorous Hui uprising was suppressed again.
FigDong Fuxiang
Dong Fuxiang and Ma Anliang were promoted again because of their meritorious service in quelling the rebellion. Also promoted with Ma Anliang areMa HaiyanMa Fuluet al.
Ma Haiyan, as we mentioned earlier, is good at martial arts and is good at using meteor hammers. His uprising qualifications are relatively old, and he is with Ma Zhanao.
And this Ma Fulu isMa Qianlingson. His martial arts are more powerful than Ma Haiyan, and when he was twelve years old, he went to catch wolves alone, and when he grew up, he was admitted to the martial arts exam.
At this time, Dong Fuxiang won deeplyEmpress Dowager Cixitrusted, appointed as the governor of Gansu and the prince Shaobao.
FigEmpress Dowager Cixi
And Ma Anliang, Ma Haiyan, Ma Fulu and others belong to his subordinates.
At this time, the Qing Dynasty was in turmoil. Empress Dowager Cixi withEmperor GuangxuDiscord, swords and swords between conservatives and reformers, the great powers of various countries are eyeing each other, and uprisings are surging everywhere.
In that eventful season, there were three main fighting units in the Qing Dynasty, one wasYuan ShikaiThe new army, two are Dong Fuxiang's Gan army, and three areNie Shichengof Wu Yijun.
FigPortrait of Nie Shicheng
Dong Fuxiang and Nie Shicheng were transferred to Beijing to defend Gyeonggi (jī）；Yuan Shikai served as the governor of Shandong and became a feudal official.
At this time, Shandong was making trouble with the Boxers. The Boxers declared themselves invulnerable and wanted to help the Qing Dynasty eliminate the foreign powers.
Yuan Shikai did not believe it, felt that the Boxers were a cult, and vigorously suppressed them, so the Boxers left Shandong and turned to Beijing, Tianjin and other places to develop, mobilizing the masses while attacking the concessions and churches of foreigners.
The Empress Dowager Cixi believed it, and whispered in her heart how good it would be to drive away the foreigners.
Whatever the Empress Dowager Cixi approves, Dong Fuxiang supports, not to mention that he really hates foreigners.
The great powers demanded that the Boxers be banned. After the first ineffectiveness, he brazenly sent troops, which opened the prelude to the war of aggression against China by the Eight-Nation Alliance.
FigInvasion by the Eight-Nation Alliance
The prologue has just begun, and it is about to close, the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on various countries in June, Tianjin was lost in July, Beijing was lost in August, Dong Fuxiang protected the Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu to flee to Xi'an, and Nie Shicheng was hit by seven bullets in the struggle against the Eight-Nation Alliance, and he insisted on fighting and died bravely.
FigBronze statue of Nie Shicheng
In the meantime, where are the horses?Ma Haiyan and Ma Fulu entered Beijing with Dong Fuxiang and participated in the battle against the Eight-Nation Alliance.
Ma Fulu was ordered to lead his troops to attack the embassy district in Dongjiaomin Lane, Beijing, and died heroically in the battle, along with the younger brother and nephew of their Ma family. Ma Haiyan survived the battle, but died of overwork during the escort westward.
After Ma Fulu was martyred, he was killed by his younger brotherMa FuxiangTake over. After Ma Haiyan died in the line of duty, he was the eldest sonMa QiTake over.
FigMa Qi
Ma Anliang did not enter Beijing with Dong Fuxiang, and he led his troops to stay in Gansu. When he heard that Dong Fuxiang had protected the Queen Mother in Xi'an, Ma Anliang immediately led his troops to Xi'an to defend him. Ma Anliang personally led people to patrol day and night, worked conscientiously and responsibly, and had a polite and respectful attitude, which won the trust and appreciation of the Empress Dowager Cixi.
Because Dong Fuxiang is the main supporter and participant in the fight against the Eight-Nation Alliance, he is a first-class war criminal in the Eight-Nation Alliance, and strongly demands that he be beheaded. The Empress Dowager Cixi had no choice but to remove him from all positions.
Several Ma generals were not registered with the foreigners, so they did not investigate;The Empress Dowager Cixi had a mark in her heart, so she was promoted.
On the eve of the Xinhai Revolution, Ma Anliang and Ma Fuxiang became important military forces in Gansu. At that time, the troops in Gansu generally had about one association, that is, a brigade, with four standards, that is, four regiments.
FigXinhai Revolution
This includes a cavalry regiment and three infantry regiments, and Ma Anliang is the commander of the cavalry regiment (A clumpMa Fuxiang was the commander of the infantry regiment (Three regiments）。And Ma Qi was an important leader under Ma Anliang, leading his troops to garrison Qinghai.
As soon as the Xinhai Revolution sounded, various places revolted, and Shaanxi also broke away from the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty urgently transferred the Ma family army to quell the rebellion.
Ma Fuxiang felt that the Qing Dynasty was gone, and he was unwilling to work for the Qing Dynasty anymore, so he found an excuse to stay in Gansu.
However, Ma Anliang thought that this was a great opportunity, and happily accepted the order, quickly expanded the team to 10,000 people, and obtained a large number of ** equipment.
Ma Anliang and Ma Qi led their troops to Shaanxi, and Ningxia rebelled halfway, so Ma Qi went to Ningxia to suppress the uprising.
The Ningxia uprising was quickly suppressed, but Shaanxi was at a standstill for a while.
At this time, Pu Yi announced his abdication, and the northwest also announced its support for the republic. Yuan Shikai became a big **, Ma Anliang became the governor of Gansu, and Ma Qi became Xining (The capital of Qinghai ProvinceGeneral soldier, Ma Fuxiang became (NingxiaThe general soldiers, as well as other horse general soldiers, are omitted for the time being.
FigYuan Shikai
For the sake of brevity, let's sort it out. The Hui people surnamed Linxia Ma in Gansu Province gradually grew into an important armed force in Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia through uprisings, counterinsurgency, resistance to the invasion of the Eight-Nation Alliance, and support for the republic.
The criteria for the selection and employment of this armed force is that Ganhe Huima, and the selection of generals, the priority is given to Hezhou, Gansu (It's summerIt is better to have the surname Ma, that is to say, the transfer of power in the troops is carried out between the people surnamed Ma.
Therefore, this force, from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Beiyang period, until the ** period, has always been firmly in the hands of the people surnamed Ma.
FigMa Jiajun
When Ma Anliang was alive, he was the leader of the Northwest Horse, and after his death, his descendants did not improve much.
Ma Qi died after his sonMa BufangHe took Qinghai as his base camp, and his sphere of influence radiated to the northwest, and he became the governor of the five provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and Qingxin, with a total strength of more than 10,000 people, mainly cavalry, and 150,000 security regiments as a reserve supplement.
After Ma Fuxiang's death, two descendants rose, one was his sonMa HongkuiHe has been the chairman of Ningxia Province for a long time.
The other is his nephewMa Hongbin, that is, the son of Mafulu. Although Ma Hongbin was appointed chairman of Gansu Province, he could not convince the public and was driven back to Ningxia. And Gansu gradually became the area under the direct control of Chiang Kai-shek.
FigMa Hongbin
Second, the Western Route Army was killed
The thirties of the twentieth century were eventful, and Chiang Kai-shek did not stop encircling and suppressing the Red Army when the old and new warlords of the Kuomintang were fighting.
In 1936, the three main forces of the Red Army, after an arduous Long March, successfully joined forces. There is more than one meeting, and there is more than one location, and the more famous one is red.
2. The Sichuan Ganzi Division of the Red Fourth Front Army, Red.
1. The Gansu Huining Division of the Red Fourth Front Army, Red.
1. The Ningxia Jiangtai Fort of the Red Second Front Army.
FigCommander's Fortress
After the Red Army gathered in the northwest, the revolutionary situation did not immediately improve. Chiang Kai-shek planned to encircle and suppress the Red Army with the ** Army, the Northeast Army, and the Northwest Army.
In order to consolidate the base areas and receive military and material assistance from the Soviet Union, the Red Army decided to occupy Ningxia and western Gansu.
At that time, the Red Fourth Front Army had five armies, including more than 20,000 people from the Red Fifth Army, the Red Ninth Army, and the Red 30th Army, which crossed the Yellow River successively to form the Western Route Army.
After crossing the river, the first enemy he faced was Ma Bufang and his brotherMa Buqing。Ma Buqing was the commander of the Fifth Cavalry Division at the time, and was ordered to garrison in Gansu and Inner Mongolia west of the Yellow River. Ma Bufang served as the commander of the Second Army.
FigMa Bufang
If it is only an army and a division, the enemy's strength is not too strong.
However, Ma Jiajun has been deeply cultivated in the northwest for many years, and there are many militia teams, and the two brothers mobilized 130,000 people to besiege the Western Route Army with absolute superiority.
Subsequently, the Kuomintang sent the commander of the First ArmyHu ZongnanOccupied the area east of the Yellow River, severing the connection between the Western Route Army and the main forces of the Red Army.
At this time, the Western Route Army faced the sparsely populated desert and the Gobi, and fell into an unprecedented disadvantageous situation. First, there was a lack of food and water, and the soldiers were starving. Second, there is a lack of clothes and few clothes, and the soldiers eat and sleep in the open. Third, there is a shortage of people and guns, and there is nowhere to go. Fourth, there is no artillery, and there is nowhere to hide during the battle.
Because the Yellow River was occupied by the Kuomintang, the follow-up troops could not follow up, so the Western Route Army could only rely on its own efforts to open up a new base area west of the Yellow River and try to open up contact with the Soviet Union.
FigMemorial Hall of the Western Route Army
There were three major military operations of the Western Route Army.
For the first time, the Ninth Army was in Gulang County, Gansu Province, and encountered Ma Bufang's subordinatesMa YuanhaiSuperior forces attack.
The enemy numbered as many as five brigades, four militia regiments, and was supported by aircraft and artillery.
The Red Army held on to a dilapidated town and finally had to engage in street and hand-to-hand combat with the enemy, while the Ma Jiajun was located in the northwestern wilderness, and the people were fierce and difficult to deal with.
In this battle, more than 2,000 enemies were annihilated, and our army also lost more than 2,000 people.
Originally, there were quite a few organs, medical, logistical, and wounded and sick personnel in the Western Route Army, and after this battle, the main unit with combat effectiveness was the 30th Army.
Although each had its own damage, the enemy was fighting on its own soil, which was convenient for both replenishing troops and accommodating the wounded and sick. So he quickly gathered his troops and launched a fierce attack on the Western Route Army.
The Red Army has always advocated concentrating superior forces to destroy the enemy, but after entering Gansu, it found that the terrain was complicated, the mountain roads were narrow, and the villages and towns were very small, so it had to disperse its troops into a long and narrow line, and was in a state of passive attack.
FigRoute map of the march of the Western Route Army
The Western Route Army starved and fought continuously, and after running out of bullets, it began a white-knuckle battle with the enemy. After half a month of fighting, more than 6,000 enemies were killed, and more than 6,000 people were lost. There were only 15,000 men left, and there were many wounds and diseases, few bullets, and the combat effectiveness was much worse than before.
The second time, the Red Fifth Army was attacked by the enemy's superior forces in Gaotai County, Gansu Province, and the Red Army fought fiercely with the enemy for more than ten hours, and was finally eliminated because it was outnumberedDong Zhentangand others died heroically.
Dong Zhentang learned martial arts since childhood, participated in the Northern Expedition, led the Ningdu Uprising, and was only forty-two years old when he died.
FigDong Zhentang
At that time, it was already after the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident, and from a general point of view, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party could unite to resist Japan.
But in fact, the specific process is very complicated, the two sides are engaged in tense negotiations, and under the negotiating table is an undercurrent of military competition.
FigChiang Kai-shek and others in Xi'an
During the negotiations, the Red Army wanted a place with a large population, abundant products, and close proximity to the Soviet Union as a base area, so as to develop the Red Army, obtain supplies, and fight against the Japanese invaders, and Ningxia and Gansu were undoubtedly better choices.
However, Chiang Kai-shek's idea was the opposite, he wanted to confine the Red Army to the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo border area, not only to limit the development of the Red Army, but also to find an opportunity to solve the Red Army's idea.
In this case, activities below the negotiating table became even more important, and the Western Route Army took on the task of actually occupying Gansu.
Ma Jiajun has always regarded the northwest as his own territory, and no one is allowed to interfere.
Two years ago, Chiang Kai-shek had ordered Hu Zongnan to enter Tianshui, and Ma Bufang provoked a Tibetan rebellion in order to prevent the Kuomintang from infiltrating Qinghai.
Later, Chiang Kai-shek ordered againSun DianyingWhen they arrived at Qinghai Tunken, Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui, and Ma Hongbin also blocked it, and as a result, they beat Sun Dianying back.
FigMa Hongkui
This time, the Red Army wanted to occupy Gansu, and Ma Jiajun naturally disagreed. With Chiang Kai-shek's support, Ma Jiajun's strength was even stronger.
They carried out a frantic attack on the Western Route Army, first bombarding with artillery, and then attacking the White Horse Battalion, the Black Horse Battalion, and the Red Horse Battalion in turn.
At this time, the Western Route Army had almost no ammunition, but the Red Army soldiers were not afraid, holding broadswords, spears, and even stones and wooden sticks, waiting for the enemy to rush in front of them to fight them.
Some grabbed the enemy's hair, some bit off the enemy's ear, and some were seriously wounded, holding grenades, waiting for the enemy to come close and die with them.
But the frenzied enemy did not stop attacking, but constantly replenished his forces and launched a more fierce attack.
The third time was the defeat of Qilian Mountain. The Western Route Army broke through from the Nijia camp and came to the side of Qilian Mountain, but the enemy's horse army ran fast and soon followed, and then launched a fierce attack.
The enemy attacked during the day and returned to his strongholds and forts at night to recuperate. The Red Army fought during the day and marched at night, and had to find food, and there were no local party organizations, and the masses did not understand the Communist Party, and they were controlled to death by the Ma Jiajun.
Along the way, it was extremely difficult.
After several days of continuous fighting, the Red Army was left with only more than 3,000 men, and it was still torn apart by the enemy's horse army, and it was no longer possible to continue the battle.
So the research decided,Chen ChanghaowithBack to northern Shaanxi to report to **,Wang ShushengZhang RongThey led a small group of men and horses to fight guerrillas.
Fig**
**Walked thousands of miles back to Chongqing. Chen Changhao came to Wuhan.
** led the troops, braved the wind and snow, and moved to Xinjiang, leaving seven or eight hundred people. The remaining two armies were scattered.
Fig**
The Western Route Army fought in the northwest for nearly five months, annihilating more than 25,000 of Ma's army, but it also lost more than 20,000 of its own, and almost the entire army was annihilated.
According to statistics, more than 20,000 Western Route troops died in the battle, more than 8,000 were killed, and more than 12,000 were captured.
There are many reasons for being captured, the main ones being that the wounded and sick cannot move with the large army, running out of bullets in battle, being scattered by the enemy, covering the main force, and so on.
About six thousand people of the captured Red Army were brutally killed, mostly buried alive.
Another 5,000 people were released after the cooperation of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and after many efforts.
In addition, more than 1,000 people were incorporated into the Kuomintang troops and served as laborers.
Ma Jiajun has been known for being the best since its inception, and since its inception, the killing has been relatively heavy, and there are also cases of robbing property and raping women.
FigMa Jiajun
This time, he exchanged fire with the Western Route Army, and his own losses were relatively large, so he had a strong sense of revenge.
3. Liberate the Great Northwest
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek provoked a civil war, but at this time, the Kuomintang troops were already vulnerable in front of the People's Liberation Army.
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) conquered cities and conquered cities and territories with the momentum of devastating and decaying, and soon liberated most of China.
After losing the Yangtze River and Nanjing, the Kuomintang fantasized about using the southwest and northwest as strategic support to hold each other.
FigMillions of heroes have crossed the river
This move is exactly in line with the wish of the Northwest Ma Jiajun, who are absolutely unwilling to lose their territory.
At this time, the main force of the Ma family army was Ma Bufang, with more than 100,000 troops;followed by Ma Hongkui, with more than 70,000 troops;Again, Ma Hongbin, with about 20,000 troops.
Although the Communist Party actively fought for Ma Jiajun's uprising, Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui always refused, and Ma Hongbin took a wait-and-see attitude.
So, in July 1949,Led the 1st Field Army to move westward.
Fig**
Ma Bufang was defeated one after another, and finally fought a decisive battle with the People's Liberation Army in Lanzhou.
Lanzhou is an important town in the northwest, the city is fortified, the fortifications are complete, and the pillboxes, barbed wire, and mines outside the city are dense.
Ma Bufang gathered 100,000 troops here, and the troops of Ma Hongkui and Hu Zongnan responded on the periphery.
Our army concentrated 150,000 troops to attack Lanzhou, and other troops monitored Ma Hongkui and Hu Zongnan.
The combat morale of our army is very high, and the equipment is relatively good. After half a month of fierce fighting, our army won the Lanzhou Battle with less than 9,000 people.
FigBattle of Lanzhou
In the battle, more than 40,000 people of Ma Bufang were annihilated, and Ma Bufang's main force was basically wiped out. Of these 40,000 people, nearly 30,000 were captured and revolted.
Ma Bufang saw that the general trend was gone, so he took his son with himMa JiyuanHe fled to Taiwan and later served as Taiwan's ambassador to Saudi Arabia until his death in 1975.
After the liberation of Lanzhou, Ma Hongkui insisted on resistance in Ningxia.
FigMa Jiyuan
His idea was that even if he failed in the end, he would have to run out of his troops. And where they are abandoned, they will either be flooded or set on fire, in short, they will not leave good things for the PLA.
The purpose of his doing this was to show his loyalty to Chiang Kai-shek of the Kuomintang, thinking that he could not hold Ningxia and run to Taiwan, so that he could be reused.
Although Ma Hongkui insisted on resisting to the end, the People's Liberation Army had become unstoppable, and soon occupied Yinchuan and other places, capturing more than 7,000 Ma Hongkui's prisoners, capturing more than 1 million bullets, and Ma Hongkui's troops were dispersed.
Later, Ma Hongkui ran to Taiwan with his family, but he was accused and ostracized in Taiwan, so he went to the United States to raise horses, and finally died of illness in the United States.
Unlike Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui, who resisted stubbornly and ran away if they couldn't fight, Ma Hongbin chose to revolt.