Electricity is the foundation of China's national economy, in the reform and opening up for more than 40 years, has gone through many rounds of reform, from the traditional state-led vertical integration system to market-oriented reform, from the world's backward power country to become the world's largest power country, China's power has gone through a long 40 years.
In 2011, China's installed power generation capacity and power generation surpassed that of the United States, becoming the world's largest power country, which is worth remembering. Looking back on the history of China's electric power reform, it can be roughly divided into four stages.
The first stage: 1978-1996 (fund-raising).
In the early days of reform and opening up, economic development accelerated, and the demand for electricity increased greatly, and the most serious problems faced were power shortages and insufficient funds. At the end of 1978, China's generator installed capacity gap reached 10 million kilowatts, and the power generation gap reached 40 billion trillion hours.
In 1980, the power industry took the lead in implementing it"Appropriation and Replacement Loan".The investment in power infrastructure has been changed from the previous financial gratuitous appropriation to the form of loans through banks, which has solved part of the funding problem, but it still cannot meet the demand.
In May 1985, the "Interim Regulations on Encouraging the Raising of Funds for Electricity and the Implementation of Multiple Electricity Prices" was promulgated, which opened the curtain of electric power reform. Adoption"Raise funds to run electricity".Encourage localities, departments and enterprises to invest and make rational use of foreign capital, and broaden the channels of funds. At the same time, in accordance with"Debt and interest payments".The principle of approving the level of electricity prices has broken the single pricing model and cultivated a mechanism for pricing in accordance with market laws.
management systemThe province is the operating entity, the gradual relaxation of the power industry access supervision and supervision, and at the same time the appropriate decentralization of local power, which activated the market, but also for the later purchase of hidden dangers.
At that time, the state was exploring new hydropower stations (the Ertan power station was built when the power plant was raised to run electricity), and the thermal power plants were still being built, and the state had to reform again.
The second stage: 1997-2001 (separation of government and enterprise).
This should be talked about from July 1987, when the leaders of the first class put forward the "two cross policy" of "separating government from enterprise, province as entity, joint power grid, unified dispatching, and raising funds to run electricity" at the "National Symposium on Power System Reform".
In 1993, the Ministry of Energy, which had just been established for five years, was abolished and the Ministry of Electric Power Industry was established. With the top level, there must be support in the central part of the country, and five major power groups in North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China and Northwest China have been formed. At the bottom level, high-energy-consuming enterprises are allowed to build their own power plants for their own consumption.
As a result, a large amount of funds continue to pour into the field of electric power, including local **, private capital, foreign capital, etc., and the development of power supply construction is advancing rapidly. In the mid-to-late 90s, electricity began to be in surplus, and more production capacity began to roll in, and the contradictions between enterprises and between enterprises and localities were highlighted.
In January 1997, the State established the State Power CompanyThe following year, the Ministry of Electric Power Industry was abolished, and the State Power Corporation was not an administrative department, but a large state-owned enterprise.
However, the State Power Company was transformed from the ministerial level, and had neither assets nor money, and it was an empty shelf, and then an unexpected thing happened, and the State Power Company collected money, rights, and assets from its subordinate enterprises, mainly including the five major regional group companies under the former Ministry of Electric Power, seven provincial companies, and two directly subordinate groups of Huaneng and Gezhouba. In this way, the state power company went from being an empty shell toIt is a super monopoly group company with more than 60% of the country's installed power generation capacity and more than 80% of the country's power gridIt integrates distribution, transmission, transformation, distribution, supply, design and construction.
Huang Yicheng, former Minister of Energy of the People's Republic of China, once said at the inaugural meeting of the Ministry of Energy in 1988: "The road to reform has always been uneven, full of risks and difficulties, and there will be successes, mistakes and even failures. The question is, do we complain, fear difficulties, or even want to go back to the old road at every turn for the twists and turns or mistakes in reform, or do we sum up lessons and lessons and correct them in a timely manner?The former will only slack people's morale and slack their fighting spirit;Only by the latter can we lift our spirits, boost our morale, and keep forging ahead." In the future, no matter how the institutions are reformed, the reform policy that has been carried out in the energy industry, such as separating government from enterprises and delegating powers, is certainly correct, and the reform can only move forward, not backward. ”
Reform has never been smooth sailing, and there is no guarantee that every step will be perfect, as long as everything develops toward a good goal, then reform will be beneficial to the times and the people.
The third stage: 2002-2014 (separation of plant and network).
During the operation stage of the State Power Company, new contradictions appeared, and the State Power Company was dominant, lacked competition, and monopolized the industry, and became an electric tiger, which greatly violated the law of the market economy and aroused dissatisfaction and condemnation from all walks of life at that time.
On the other hand, one of the important triggers for the waste of resources caused by multi-party involution after power overcapacity is"Second Beach Water Abandonment Incident"., so that this national monopoly group company finally withdrew from the stage of history.
At that time, the state vigorously advocated the construction of hydropower stations, Sichuan and Yunnan took the lead because of their abundant water resources, of which the Ertan Hydropower Station had a total investment of more than 20 billion yuan, which took 11 years to build, and the project was established in 1987, and the construction was completed in 1998 and began to generate electricity.
In the two years of operation, the cumulative loss of Ertan has reached 12500 million yuan. According to the original plan, after the completion of the second beach, two-thirds of the electricity will be sent to Chongqing, and one-third will be sent to Sichuan.
However, since Chongqing was directly under the central government in 1997, and many power projects were launched in Sichuan and Chongqing at that time, the demand for the Ertan hydropower station was not so strong after the completion of the project. At that time, the market used coal to generate electricity, and at the same time, hydropower stations were built to release water in vain.
The fact that Ertan's electricity could not be sold had a lot to do with the power management system of "no separation of power plants and grids" at that time.
In 2000, ** had such instructions for the "Ertan Hydropower Station":"After the reform of the power system, we must change the status quo of the province as an entity, implement cross-regional companies, separate power plants and networks, bid for the Internet, generate more hydropower, restrict thermal power, and shut down small power plants, so that power generation costs may be saved by tens of billions of yuan every year. ”
In 2002, the No. 5 document of the electricity reform was officially issued (the full name is the "Notice on Printing and Distributing the Electric Power System Reform Plan") and was implemented"Separation of power plants and grids, bidding for grid access", and strive to build a "power market system with separation of government and enterprises, fair competition, open and orderly, and healthy development under the supervision of the state"., the third electric reform ushered in"Electricity Obiko".
After this reform, China's electric power was formed2+5+6+2+4 pattern
(2 major power grids).
State Grid——The business area covers 26 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in China, and the power supply scope accounts for 88% of the country's land area, and the population of power supply exceeds 1.1 billion.
China Southern Power Grid——It covers Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan and Hong Kong and Macao, and supplies 2 people5.4 billion people, power supply customers 10.7 billion households.
(5 major groups).
China Huaneng——When the family was separated, he got the most assets, and he was the former "power brother". In 2003, CNNC and Tsinghua University signed an agreement on the cooperative development of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors in Shidaowan, seizing the opportunity of fourth-generation nuclear technology development and taking the lead in the field of nuclear power. Huaneng Hydropower, a subsidiary of Huaneng Hydropower, has the right to develop hydropower resources in the main stream of the Lancang River basin, and its installed capacity ranks second among hydropower companies, second only to Yangtze River Power.
China Guodian——With Longyuan Power such a leading flagship, focusing on the development of wind power, hydropower, with the rights and interests of Dadu River, Northeast Hydropower Base, but also into the photovoltaic, as a central enterprise earlier started the photovoltaic brand, later Guodian Photovoltaic was sold to Zhonghuan shares, which is now TCL Zhonghuan (002129).
Datang Group——Thermal power accounts for a high proportion, and it has tried to transform to coal chemical industry, but the huge investment has failed to achieve substantial results. Later, it also tried to transform to wind power, photovoltaic, hydropower, and nuclear power, but the business structure of thermal power assets accounted for too high, making it falter, and the development of wind power and hydropower industries has been tepid, and nuclear power is not as good as Huanengshun.
Huadian Group——It has strong technical strength and experience accumulation in the field of new energy and clean energy, and has certain nuclear power installed rights and interests through equity participation, including Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant and Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant.
China Power Investment Group——It used to be the "little brother" of the five major groups, and its assets were relatively small, but its main listed company, China Power, was the most profitable among the companies mainly engaged in thermal power.
(6 small giants).
China National Nuclear Corporation, China General Nuclear Power Corporation, China Energy Conservation Group, China Resources Power, SDIC Power, Three Gorges Corporation.
(2 major auxiliary businesses).
PowerChina——It was reorganized on the basis of 14 provincial (municipal, regional) power survey and design, engineering and equipment manufacturing enterprises affiliated to China Water Resources and Hydropower Construction Group Corporation, China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Corporation, State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd.
China can build——It is composed of power survey, design, construction and repair enterprises in 15 provinces (municipalities and districts) affiliated to China Gezhouba Group Corporation, China Electric Power Engineering Consulting Group Corporation (Electric Power Planning and Design Institute) and China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd.
(4 major electrical equipment manufacturers).
1. Dongfang Electric Group - fullIt is one of the world's largest power generation equipment manufacturing and power station engineering general contracting enterprise groups.
2. Harbin Electric Group——The production of power generation equipment is leading, with large-scale hydropower units accounting for one-half of the total domestic installed capacity, coal-fired power units accounting for more than one-third of the total domestic installed capacity, and nuclear power units accounting for one-third of the total domestic equipment.
3. China XD Group——China's largest and most complete set of capacity of medium voltage, high voltage, ultra-high voltage, ultra-high voltage AC and DC transmission and distribution equipment and other electrical products R & D, manufacturing, experimental testing and service base.
4. Shanghai Electric Group——A world-class comprehensive high-end equipment manufacturing enterprise, focusing on the three major business areas of smart energy, intelligent manufacturing and intelligent infrastructure, providing customers with industrial-grade green and intelligent system solutions.
The fourth stage: 2015 - to present (control the middle, let go of the two ends).
In March 2015, the No. 9 document of the electricity reform was promulgated, which affirmed the separation of government and enterprises, the separation of plants and networks, and the separation of main and auxiliary"Control the middle and let go of the two ends".institutional framework.
Let go of both ends:The power generation and sales side fully competed, guided the market-oriented reform, and changed the previous situation that the power generation side and the power consumption side were approved by the first ...
Control the middle:Strengthen supervision and implementation of pricing for transmission and distribution network links with natural monopoly attributes to ensure that the power grid is fair and open and the market is fair and traded.
In 2021, at the ninth meeting of the ** Finance and Economics Committee, it was proposedBuild a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, and control the total amount of fossil energy, focus on improving the efficiency of utilization, implement renewable energy substitution actions, deepen the reform of the power system, and build a new power system with new energy as the main body.
In January 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration officially issued the "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of a National Unified Electricity Market System", which mentioned that there are two phased goals for the establishment of a national unified electricity market system:
First, by 2025, the national unified electricity market system will be preliminarily completed.
Second, by 2030, the national unified electricity market system will be basically completed.
Entering a new stage, the transformation of the power industry has never ended, and the five major power groupsM&A and restructuring continue to growRe-divide the market pie.
In 2015, CPI and SPC were reorganized to become "".In 2020, completed the research and development of the "Guohe No. 1" third-generation nuclear power technology, which is currently the world's largest photovoltaic installed enterprise, the sum of the other four, and the second largest wind power installed in the world (the first is the National Energy Group).
At the end of 2017, China Guodian and Shenhua Group reorganized to form China Energy Group。It inherited the wind power and hydropower assets of China Guodian, and also brought Guohua Power of Shenhua Group, as well as the world's largest coal reserves and production. In one fell swoop, it surpassed China Huaneng and became the world's largest enterprise in terms of installed power capacity and the "Big Mac" with the largest total assets of the Motor Group.
In 2021, China Huaneng obtained its fourth nuclear power license, and the holding of the second phase of the Changjiang nuclear power project started, with the three major nuclear power bases and pressurized water reactor technology construction license, the future of China Huaneng with nuclear power this card against the wind, beyond the national energy group, wait and see.
Chinese DatangIt owns the installed rights and interests of Ningde Nuclear Power, Yangjiang Nuclear Power and Xudabao Nuclear Power in the form of equity participation, and is a strong competitor for the fifth nuclear power license, but it is far behind Huaneng in terms of development speed. Wind power is not comparable to the national energy group, photovoltaic power generation cannot be compared with the state power investment, and the state's policy on thermal power is subject to the normal state of coal power "top cow".
China Huadian is one of the five major state-owned enterprises with rapid development of clean energy, its installed capacity of clean energy accounted for 43% (2020 data), second only to's 6150%。China Huadian's installed hydropower capacity is at a high level, which is on par with China Huaneng, ranking at the bottom of the installed wind power capacity, but the installed capacity of gas power leads the other four central enterprises.
CPID's achievements are a history of innovation that leads the world trend. China not only has the world's largest installed power generation capacity and electricity consumption, but also has achieved the world's leading level in many fields, coal power generation alone exceeds the overall power generation of the United States, China is the world's largest wind and solar energy utilization country, is the world's largest nuclear energy market, and has the world's largest number of nuclear power units under construction. In the future, under the dual carbon 3060 goal, we will accelerate the construction of a modern energy system and promote high-quality energy development.