The Nanjing regime in 1931 "nine. The policy of non-resistance adopted after the 18th Incident had a disastrous impact on China and was also a blow to the authority of the national government. In this regard, both the people of insight in the 1930s and the historical research after the founding of the People's Republic of China have long been decided. But oddly enough,Today's ** field is blowing a "wind of understanding"., thinking that there is "nothing wrong with the policy of non-resistance", or what kind of "foresight", bought time for the preparation of the war of resistance....
Their main argument is the economic development of the so-called "** decade", saying that if the policy of non-resistance continues for another 5 years, the War of Resistance will be better. Since we are talking about the economy, today we will start from an economic perspective to see what kind of economic consequences non-resistance, fake resistance, or partial resistance brought to China before the War of Resistance Against Japan.
As we all know, war is a continuation of politics, which in turn is determined by economic foundations. Therefore, economic sovereignty is a core interest of a country's life and death. The tax rate and tariff of customs duties have always been regarded as the most important line of defense for economic sovereignty because they can regulate the proportion of imported and exported goods and protect the development of national industries. Since the Opium War, a series of unequal treaties such as the Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing, deprived China of its tariff autonomy, and for more than 80 years, China's import and export goods could only be charged a low tariff of 5%, coupled with the provision of half a tax, the tariff that foreign merchants really need to bear is actually only 25%。
On the contrary, China's national industrial and commercial enterprises have to "pay taxes at every pass and pay a fee when they encounter cards," bearing a heavy burden and seriously restricting the development of national industry and commerce. After the Xinhai Revolution, although Beiyang ** tried to raise tariffs many times, it has never been able to break through the 5% ceiling. Until the outbreak of the May Movement,The great powers witnessed the power of the National Revolution, and only then did they feel the need to give the ** people who ruled the semi-colonies a little financial strength, otherwise the world would often be in turmoil, and they would not be able to make money
Therefore, the state government is under the permission of the Great Powers,In 1929 75%-27.By 1934, China's average tariff rate had increased to 25%-272%, and tariffs on some luxury goods and alcohol have even risen to 50%-80%.
The increase in tariffs promoted the development of national industry and commerce, and Jiang Gong rejoiced at this and regarded it as his greatest political achievement. At the same time, it also brought huge financial revenues: in 1928, the customs import tax was equivalent to 72 million oceans, and in 1929 it soared by 75%, reaching 16,700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000100 million, in 1931 it reached 3At the peak of 1.5 billion silver dollars, the export tax was also reduced by 30%, which greatly enhanced the strength of the Nanjing regime.
Therefore, there are always quite a few people who believe that if this trend continues, as long as the government is given more time, it will not be a dream to achieve true reunification. After the "918" incident, the reason why the princes of the government chose not to resist was to gain time, if they endured the humiliation until 1943, they would be fully prepared and kill the Japanese in seconds.
It's a good idea, but don't forget, you can make moves, and so will your enemies. At this time, the tricks offered by the Japanese invaders, although they are very low, are absolutely effectiveThat is to carry out official smuggling
In the past, there was no need for any country to smuggle into ChinaBecause the serious tariff is only 25%Why bother? But after 1929, the average tariff of 27% greatly reduced the competitiveness of imports, and smuggling and tax evasion became very profitable in the face of competition from China's national industrial products. Before 1931, Japan had actually begun smuggling goods to China, but at that time, the monthly value of smuggled goods was only 2 million oceans, and since most of them were from Dalian, 64 percent had to land in Shandong, and only 16 percent could land in Hebei. Thus, the situation from 1929 to 1931 was still under control. However, after the "918" incident, the Northeast was lost, and in 1932, the Japanese army invaded Rehe again.1In May 933, the government was forced to sign the Tanggu Agreement, which designated 22 counties in eastern Hebei as a "demilitarized zone"., so that the North China gateway open.
The Japanese invaders obtained the best smuggling base and began to consciously take the initiative to use and encourage armed smuggling, and the situation began to take a sharp turn for the worse.
In August 1933, Japan unilaterally announced the abolition of the "port deposit" system in the port of Dalian, and this agreement originally stipulated that the export goods of China and Japan must pay half of the customs duties in advance before leaving the port, and when they return to the port, they will return the money with the tax payment certificate of the other party's customs, with the purpose of preventing smuggling. Abolishing it is almost like a clear indication to unscrupulous businessmen of all stripes - let the dogs out of the cage, and you can start to do it. The government was even forced to cooperate in posture, and on July 1, 1934, it signed the "Beiping-Shenyang Agreement on the Opening of Traffic" with Japan, allowing the normal passage of trains to the unoccupied land and the occupied land, and opening the land smuggling channel.
By the way, he couldn't stop the devil's request for the opening of the Guannai and the puppet Manchurians, which made Jiang Gong lose face, and the evil fire in his heart had to find a place to get out, so ten days after the opening of the car, his old man wrote a warrant:North China ** published the news of the opening of traffic, and asked the editor and the president in charge of the newspaper to quickly and secretly dismiss the Nanchang camp, the so-called "secret unties" is about the same as kidnapping tickets, so the ending of these two news people is estimated to be quite bad - they dare to sit in a yin and yang commission, I can't cure foreigners and can't cure you?
At this time, a frenzy of smuggling of Japanese goods was set off in North China. At the beginning, the smugglers were relatively timid, and only transported them by sailboats, starting from Dalian and Lushun, landing along the coast of Qinhuangdao, and transporting them by rail to Tianjin and even Jiangnan for distribution. Later, it gradually developed to the use of steamboats and 100-ton ships, and by 1935, even 1,000-ton ships could dock and unload in broad daylight.
In 1936, in the port of the Japanese-occupied area of Dalian, there were 145 Japanese ships with 9,348 tons, 39 puppet ships with 6,825 tons, and even the traitors also engaged in 24 ships with a capacity of 7,168 tons, and as many as 12,000 sailing ships.
Land smuggling was carried out along the line of the Great Wall, and due to the Tanggu Agreement, the Qintu Agreement, and He Yingqin's "automatic handling", * withdrew from the ports of the Great Wall, and the entry channel was completely out of control. Beginning in 1934, the Japanese and Korean ronin armed escort smuggling convoys carried the best into the provinces of North China and went deep into Shandong and Anhui.
According to Han Fuyu's report, at that time, in Shanghe, Huimin, Linyi, and Yangxin counties in Shandong, armed smuggling of Japanese goods could be seen every day, transporting through the city day and night.
However, although the smuggling from 1933 to 1935 was already on a large scale, the Japanese army had not yet blatantly intervened at this time, and the national government customs could still effectively exercise its powers, so that the smugglers could not but have scruples. However, in June 1935, the Kwantung Army informed Qinhuangdao Customs that it was not allowed to carry ** while on duty. In September, the Japanese Navy notified the General Department of Customs and Taxation that the anti-smuggling ships patrolling the waters from Lutai to Qinhuangdao should not be equipped with machine guns, and a few days later, it ordered the anti-smuggling ships to withdraw within 3 miles of the eastern coast of Hebei Province - do you think this is overbearing enough?
Not really. In October,The Japanese Navy openly denied that China's customs had the right to interdict smuggling in China's territorial watersAs long as the anti-smuggling ship interferes with the Japanese-flagged ship, the Japanese side will "treat it as piracy and deal with it in the same way as pirates."
Well, from now on, there will be no anti-smuggling or inspection on the coastlineOn the contrary, the anti-smuggling ship had to carefully avoid the Japanese smuggling ship。The land is even more dangerous, because the anti-smuggling officer is not allowed to carry **, but has become a grandson, not to mention the detention of smuggled goods, even if you ask more, you will be beaten by smugglers - Shanhaiguan area even has a long-term Japanese, Korean ronin formed a beating group, to protect the handling of smuggled goods, once the customs officers of the national government approach, they are often seriously injured, because the ronin has consular jurisdiction to protect the body,Even if a person is killed, the first person will soon be rescued by Japanese diplomats, and there is no cost at all, so that the customs will not be able to detect smuggling normally
According to the most conservative estimates, in 1933, when the smuggling began on a large scale, the value of Japanese rayon smuggled by sea was 9 million yen, 7 million yen for sugar, and 4 million yen for other goods, totaling 20 million yen. In less than a year from October 1934 to August 1935, the total value of land smuggling exceeded 30 million yen。In February 1936, the Japanese invaders supported the puppet "Eastern Hebei Autonomous Regime", and these traitors were really filial, and in February 1936, they took the initiative to stipulate that the goods imported into eastern Hebei only needed to pay an inspection fee and could be legally transported to various places. And this so-called inspection fee is only equivalent to 1 4 or even 1 8 of the national tariff rate. As a result, a large number of smuggled goods legally poured into the Chinese market.
From August 1935 to April 1936, 403 tons of rayon, 118 tons of cigarette paper, 4,313 tons of sugar, and 1 cloth were smuggled from eastern Hebei20,000 packs, miscellaneous goods 110,000 bags, Qinhuangdao, Beidaihe, Changli, Luanxian and other places, smuggling ships on the sea in and out, goods piled up on the railway platform, only eight months, the state government in this one place, lost 25.5 million silver dollars in tariffs. In the spring of 1936, smuggling in North China entered a full-scale climax, and according to the government's briefing to Britain, the United States, and other countries, the value of smuggled goods ashore from eastern Hebei was about 30 million yuan in 1935 and soared to 1 in 19366.5 billion yuan, and 8 million yuan in tariffs were lost in one month in April.
From 1929 to 1931, the trend of customs tariffs was completely interrupted - in 1932, the customs import tax fell by 25%, and since then it has never returned to the level of 1931, and the proportion of customs revenue in the total revenue of the state government has also declined year after year, from nearly 60% to 33% in 1936, which can be described as a heavy loss.
At the same time, in June 1934, the United States implemented the Silver Purchase Act, which caused the world silver price to soar, and in 1934, the value of each Chinese silver dollar was 25% higher abroad than at home, and by 1935 it was half higher. The Korean ronin captured by the government admitted that the Bank of Japan lured Chinese silver dollars to smuggle with the highest discount, smuggling 100 silver dollars, and the Bank of America gave a discount of 5 yuan, while the Bank of Japan gave 6 yuanThere is also a living allowance and settling-in allowance if **.
As a result, a large number of Japanese and South Korean ronins formed groups to smuggle foreign goods out of the customs, and they were protected by the puppet Manchurian police along the way, and the Chinese side was not allowed to enforce the law on the train. As a result, more than 400,000 silver dollars are lost abroad through the Bac Ninh line every month. Within 40 days from April 14, 1935, the **, China, and Communications banks of the national government exchanged 168 silver dollars20,000 pieces, and the Bank of Communications of Beiping exchanged 162 silver dollars within 20 days90,000 pieces, so that North China's inventory of hard currency to the lowest point. Throughout 1935,Every day, 150,000-160,000 silver dollars are smuggled out of Shanhaiguan！Qinhuangdao Customs alone seized 17 smuggled silver dollars in a monthAs many as 80,000 pieces, from October 1934 to August 1935, a total of about 30 million taels were lost in the eastern direction of Hebei, and the economy fell into serious blood loss.
The large outflow of * has led to the failure of the capital turnover of enterprises, and the goods smuggled in eastern Hebei are mainly cotton textiles, rayon, sugar, cigarette paper, kerosene, hardware, etc., which happen to form direct competition with the national industry. According to the analysis of Jiang Gong's think tank Yang YongtaiIn 1926, China imported 12 million quintals of white sugar, 14.08 million quintals in 1928, but only 4.78 million quintals in 1932, less than one-third of what was before the 918 Incident, and the domestic sugar in Guangdong, Fujian and other places could not be soldBut market demand doesn't disappear in a vacuumThe only explanation is that most of the market was occupied by smuggled sugar, which was the case in 1932.
By 1935, the price of domestic white sugar in the Tianjin market was 23 per pack (135 catties).5 yuan, but the price of smuggled Japanese white sugar is only 18 yuan, and domestic products are completely unable to compete; The market price of domestic rayon is 192 per 100 pounds8 yuan, while smuggling Japanese rayon** is only 83 yuan, which is 40% cheaper than the lowest cost of domestic products.
Such a high price difference can no longer be offset by patriotic enthusiasm and a few boycott campaigns for Japanese goods. In addition, the market is tightened and there is no way to borrow, so Japanese funds have seized the opportunity to issue usury loans on harsh terms or directly purchase them, and a large number of national industries that have just developed have either fallen into the hands of Japanese capital or declared bankruptcy.
By the time of the formal showdown between the two sides in 1937, half of the textile mills in North China had been acquired by Japanese capital; In 1930 there were more than 60 tanneries, and in 1937 only 12 remained; Before 1935, there were 21 rayon factories and 20,000 looms in Shanghai, which was originally a good development, but under the impact of smuggling, by June 1936, only 6 Chinese silk enterprises were alive, and only 3,000 looms remained; Similarly, under the crackdown of smuggling Japanese sugar, the long-established "Cantonese sugar northward movement" was forced to stop all in early May 1935, and after mid-May, the Guangdong sugar industry was closed down on a large scale, resulting in the loss of livelihoods of more than 100,000 sugar workers.
In addition to the smuggling of ordinary goods, after the Japanese occupied the northeast, the area of opium cultivated each year reached 17With an annual output of 70,000 acres of 70,000 taels of certain chemicals, most of them are trafficked into the customs through smuggling routes, which seriously poisons North China.
Since 1934, when the Tanggu Agreement was signed and the smuggling of Japanese goods expanded, the government's fiscal deficit increased rapidly at a rate of 50 million silver dollars per yearBy 1937, the annual fiscal deficit was as high as 300 million yuan, and the loss of fiscal revenue caused by smuggling, combined with huge expenditures, had weighed down the national government
It is true that every country needs to buy time and prepare before entering a full-scale war, but the premise of buying time is that its own strength can grow faster than the enemy. Obviously, the smuggling of Japanese goods after the September 18 Incident is not a judicial issue, let alone a first-class issue, but an act of war in the economic field. The Japanese invaders first used force to divide the territory, then used force to sabotage anti-smuggling, and finally forcibly attacked the Chinese market with armed smuggling, turning all of North China and part of Jiangnan into an economic colony of Japan. But the government could not find any means of defenseTherefore, after 918, time is not on China's side
From the very beginning, the official smuggling behavior of the Japanese invaders seriously undermined the government's preparations for war: in 1935, the first division of the first division spent 2.76 million yuan for the whole year, and the first division of the local army only spent 2.1 million yuan, and the teaching corps, which was under the focus of Jiang Gong's attention, added the Xi fee and gasoline fee, and only spent 2.9 million yuan for the whole year.
In other words, the 25.5 million yuan of tariffs lost in eastern Hebei in 8 months can support 8 teaching corps or 9 first divisionsIn the four years from 1933 to 1937, the tariff loss of more than 100 million legal currency caused by the smuggling of Japanese goods was equivalent to the devil not firing a shot, so that the government reduced 20 divisions! If the trend of tariff losses in 1936 continues, the combat strength of more than 10 divisions can be reduced every year, which is much more than fighting a battle of Songhu!
Japan can not only earn high profits, promote economic development, and continue to update its equipment, but also use smuggling interests to bind a large number of traitors, and step by step achieve the goal of using China to contain China and win without a fight. As Falkenhausen said, the government at that time was completely transparent in front of the Japanese intelligence system, and the more it tried to delay time, the more it would be targeted and sabotaged by the Japanese side, so it could not pursue a so-called "readiness";
Moreover, in the absence of any defense of the government itself, let alone any international intervention, it is necessary to resist immediately in order to unite the people, and only by going all out to defend itself can it be possible to obtain international assistance and stop the opponent's attempt to win without a fight.
Therefore, in the face of foreign aggression, non-resistance is a dead end, and you can only fall from slumber to death little by little, and there is no rationality at all!
In the face of the storm that swept against our nation in the 1930s, some people were like ostriches and penguins, timidly hiding their fat bodies under the cliffs, hoping to survive. And some, like petrels, who heard the fatigue of the thunder and the wrath of the thunder, and were convinced that the clouds could not hide the sun, were the first to challenge the invaders with the power of anger, the flame of passion, and the confidence of victory, and finally to complete victory together with the people.
Proclamation of the declaration of war by the Chinese Soviet Republic on Japan on April 21, 1932.