Cao Zhi (192 232), whose name is Zijian, was born in Peiguo (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province). He is a famous writer of Cao Wei of the Three Kingdoms and a representative of Jian'an literature. The son of Cao Cao, Emperor Wu of Wei, and the younger brother of Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, was King Chen during his lifetime, and was nicknamed "Si" after his death, so he was also called King Chen Si. Later generations called him and Cao Cao and Cao Pi together as the "Three Caos" because of his literary attainments, and Xie Lingyun, a writer from the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, had an evaluation of "there is only one stone in the world, and Cao Zijian monopolizes eight buckets". Wang Shizhen talked about the poets who can be called "immortals" in the 2,000 years since the Han and Wei dynasties, Cao Zhi, Li Bai, and Su Shi.
1. The life of the character.
1) Talent.
Cao Zhi was very intelligent since he was a child, and when he was only in his early teens, he was able to recite the Book of Songs, the Analects, and the pre-Qin and Han Dynasty dictionaries, and he was also widely involved in the hundreds of schools of thought. He thinks quickly, talks sharply, and often responds to questions when he meets Cao Cao, blurting out a chapter. At that time, Cao Cao had not yet gained a firm foothold in the north, lacked a fixed base area, and his family often followed the army, so the young Cao Zhi, like many brothers, spent his life in Rong Ma. In August of the 11th year of Jian'an (206), the 15-year-old Cao Zhi arrived in Chunyu (northeast of present-day Anqiu) with his father's eastward expedition to the pirate Guan Cheng for the first time;In January of the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), he returned to Yecheng, and he said in the "Self-Test Form" that "the east is facing the sea" refers to this matter;In September, 16-year-old Cao Zhi accompanied his father to the north of Liucheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning), he said in the "Seeking Self-Test Table" that "the north out of Xuansai" refers to this trip, "White Horse Chapter" is Cao Zhi's portrayal of the war with his father during this period;In July of the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), 17-year-old Cao Zhi followed his father to Liu Biao to Xinye, and then followed his father to fight with Sun Quan in Chibi. In addition, Cao Zhi has a frank and natural temperament, does not pay attention to solemn appearance, chariot and horse costumes, and does not pursue gorgeous and rich, which is deeply liked by Cao Cao.
2) The dispute between the princes.
In the autumn of the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), Cao Zhi, who had just performed the crown ceremony, asked for help and followed his father to the west. Along the way, trekking through mountains and rivers, Xiaoxing overnight. When the army of the Western Expedition arrived in Luoyang, the imperial capital, Cao Zhi was stunned by the scene in front of him: he was sacked by the war, and the prosperity of Luoyang City in the past disappeared without a trace, and there were ruins everywhere, thorns, and the former majestic palace had become a ruin, submerged in the weeds, and pieces of yellow leaves danced all over the city. Cao Zhi, who was full of enthusiasm, left Luoyang with the Western Expeditionary Army and continued to march westward. After more than a year of annexation wars, the western region finally ended its scattered chaos and ushered in its stability and tranquility. The triumphant Cao Zhi was soon named Marquis of Linzi.
In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214), Cao Cao went east to conquer Sun Quan, ordered Cao Zhi to stay in Yecheng, and warned him: "I was twenty-three years old when I served as the commander of Dunqiu, and I have never regretted what I did at that time. Now that you are also twenty-three years old, how can you not work hard!"Cao Zhi was favored because of his talent, and Ding Yi, Ding Hui, Yang Xiu and others all came to assist him. Cao Cao was a little hesitant, and almost made Cao Zhi the crown prince several times. However, Cao Zhiwen's popularity and talent are too strong, and he often acts willfully, does not pay attention to grooming and restraining himself, drinks without moderation, and does a few things that make Cao Cao very disappointed.
Especially in the twenty-second year of Jian'an (217), when Cao Cao was out, he took advantage of wine to sit on the royal family's carriage and horse, opened the palace gate Sima Gate, and galloped on the forbidden road that only the emperor could walk on when the ceremony was held, and had fun until the Golden Gate, and he had already forgotten Cao Cao's decree to the clouds. Cao Cao was furious and executed the bus order, who was in charge of the royal family's chariots and horses. Since then, the legal ban on the princes has been increased, and Cao Zhi has gradually lost Cao Cao's trust and favor because of this incident. In October, Cao Cao summoned Cao Pi as his son. Since then, Cao Zhi has bid farewell to the high-spirited life stage and fallen into an inextricable depression and deep sorrow.
In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Cao Ren was besieged by Guan Yu, and Cao Cao made Cao Zhi serve as the general of Nanzhong Lang, marched to capture the general, and led troops to rescue Cao Ren. After the order was issued, Cao Zhi was too drunk to accept the order, so Cao Cao regretted it and stopped using him.
3) Brothers fry each other.
In the first month of the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220 years), Cao Cao died of illness in Luoyang, Cao Pi succeeded to the throne, Cao Zhi was 29 years old at the time, and wrote "Shangqing Emperor Wen Received Zen Table" and "Wei De Treatise". After Cao Pi became emperor, he took strict precautions against Cao Zhi. Later, Cao Pi was under pressure from his mother, Bian, so he had to relocate Cao Zhi several times. Cao Zhi's life has changed since then. He went from a noble prince who lived a life of pleasure and pleasure to being the target of restrictions and attacks everywhere.
In the second year of the early Huang dynasty (221), the 30-year-old Cao Zhi migrated to Feng'an Xianghou (now Houcheng, Jinzhou, Hebei), with 800 householdsIn July of that year, it was renamed Juancheng Hou (now Juancheng County, Shandong), which was the year's work "Noda Yellow Bird Xing", which became an important turning point in Cao Zhi's life.
In April of the third year of the Huang dynasty (222), the 31-year-old Cao Zhi was crowned the king of Juancheng, with 2,500 households, and on the way back to Juancheng after being crowned king, he wrote the famous "Luo Shen Fu". In "Luo Shen Fu", the poet depicts the image of a beautiful and amorous goddess, taking her as a symbol of his beautiful ideals, and placing his admiration and love for beautiful idealsHe also fictionalized the story of courtship to Roselle, symbolizing his passionate pursuit of beautiful idealsFinally, through the description of the failure of love, he shows that his pursuit of ideals has been shattered.
2. Anecdotal allusions.
1) Seven steps into a poem.
Boiled beans burn beans, and beans cry in the kettle. This is the same root, why is it too anxious to fry each other?This poem is not found in Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", the first to be seen in the Southern Dynasty Liu Yiqing's "Shishuo Xinyu Literature", "Shishuo Xinyu" records that Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi was jealous of Cao Zhi's talent, and ordered Cao Zhi to make a poem within seven steps, otherwise he would be executed, and there are strict requirements for the poem, the theme of the poem must be brotherhood, but the whole poem must not contain the word brother, Cao Zhi chanted this poem in less than seven steps, which is the origin of the seven-step poem.
2) Roselle's tragedy.
Regarding the fallacy notes in the "Anthology", Zhu Gan, a Qing scholar, lashed out in "Yuefu Justice" and said that this was originally Cao Zhi's "Feeling Fu" to express his state of mind by using the legend of "the daughter of the Mi Sacrifice clan and drowning Luoshui as a god". The one who is the one is actually a fief. The good deeds use "Juan" and "Zhen" to communicate with each other, and attach "Luo Shen Fu" to allude to the love affair between Cao Zhi and Zhen's uncle and sister-in-law, the wife of Emperor Wen of Wei, Cao Pi, which not only pollutes the deeds of predecessors, but also pollutes the mouths of future generations. Recently, some scholars have verified that the main purpose of "Luo Shen Fu" is that Cao Zhi mourns his deceased wife Cui's daughter, and the image of Luo Shen is the incarnation of Cui's daughter. However, there are inappropriate aspects of both statements, so the metaphor of the righteousness of the monarch and the minister is more popular. Zhu Dongrun's "Selected Literary Works of the Chinese Dynasties" cloud: "This article may be a fake Toluo god to convey the longing for the monarch, reflecting the bitterness of the heartfelt feelings that cannot be connected. ”
The content of the above-mentioned Luo Shen tragedy is from Cao Zhi's masterpiece "Luo Shen Fu", the author uses romantic techniques to describe the sincere love between man and god through the realm of dreams, but in the end because "man and god are different" can not be combined and melancholy separated.
3. Literary sentences.
1.May it be the southwest wind and pass away into the arms of the king. (Seven Mourning Poems).
The poet compares himself to the southwest wind and turns into the arms of the king, which is actually a metaphor for his own experience of being alienated and rejected by his eldest brother, and his emotions are sad and poignant.
2.There are beautiful women in the south of the country, and they are like peaches and plums. ("Seven Miscellaneous Poems, Part 4").
This sentence is concise and straightforward, the language is short and long, the poet uses the beauty to describe himself, and the beauty of the beauty is as beautiful as a peach and plum flower, which is a metaphor for his outstanding talent, and the poet has never encountered the depression of his talent.
3.Donate your body to go to the country, and see death as if you were going home!(The White Horse).
This sentence is impassioned, praising the young heroes with strong martial arts, showing the heroes' ambition to serve the country loyally, and reflecting the lofty spiritual realm of sacrificing their lives for the country and treating death as home.
4.The bright moon shines on the tall buildings, and the streamer is hovering. ("Seven Sorrows").
The poet uses the technique of supporting objects to describe the quiet bright moon and moonlight, rendering a bleak and lonely atmosphere, and outlining the infinite grievances in the hearts of the women.
5.Its shape is also, like a frightening flood, graceful like a dragon. Rong Yao autumn chrysanthemum, Huamao spring pine. The hair is like the moon covered by light clouds, and the fluttering is like the snow of the flowing wind. Looking at it from afar, it is as bright as the sun rising to the morning glow;Forced to observe it, the scorching waves appeared.
Her figure is like a flying goose, graceful like a swimming dragon. The radiant face is like a chrysanthemum under the autumn sun, and the body is as lush as a green pine in the spring breeze. She disappears from time to time like a light cloud and a moon, floating and drifting like a whirlwind of snow. Looking at it from afar, it is as clear as the rising sun in the morning glow;Looking closely, it is as bright as a new lotus blooming between the green waves.
This sentence uses gorgeous words and sincere emotions to create a beautiful and moving image of Luoshen, using a large number of bright and gorgeous metaphors to outline the beautiful posture of Luoshen's lightness and elegance, both movement and stillness, so that people have a thousand kinds of reverie and love.
6.The tall trees are sad and windy, and the sea is rippling. ("Noda Yellow Sparrow").
The tall trees were unfortunately ravaged by strong winds, and the calm sea was blown with waves. This sentence starts with a comparison, the language is amazing, the wind of the tall trees, highlighting the power of destruction, and the word "sadness" in front of the "wind", which strengthens the subjective sense of this natural landscape, metaphorizes the realpolitik climate, and tortuously reflects the sinister storms and political setbacks of the Huan Hai caused by the poet's inner fear.
7.The shadow is gone, and it hurts my heart. ("Seven Miscellaneous Poems, Part I").
The lonely goose flew over without heeding, and the flying shadow made me sad even more. This sentence is shallow and deep in front of the pen, the poet sees the lonely goose and thinks of the distant person, pins his hope on the goose, asks it if it is willing to carry a letter for himself, and the goose flies very fast, the shadow disappears suddenly, "Pianpian" describes the appearance of the bird flying fast, the lonely goose flies away, indicating that the poet has no support, and the epilogue seems to be unfinished and makes people unbearable to read.
8.People live in the world, and suddenly the wind blows dust. ("The Shallot").
Heaven and earth exist eternally, there is no ultimate, and cold and summer yin and yang change each other. Life in the world is extremely short, just like the wind blowing dust.
9.Come back to feast peacefully, and drink ten thousand. ("Famous Capital").
This sentence describes the scene of the protagonist Jingluo teenager holding a banquet, flat optimistic outside the west gate of Luoyang, the teenager is here to set up a feast, drink happily, regardless of the high price of wine, want to get drunk and rest, call for friends to sit down, it can be seen that he is poor and luxurious.
10.Humble and gentlemanly virtue, what do you want. ("Gong Hou Citation").
The gentleman bowed down and was humble because of his good character, and he did not have any desires.
11.Have fun today, don't forget it. ("Song of Resentment").
Let's have fun together today, and I hope we don't forget it.
12.The beauty Mu Gaoyi, it is difficult to seek virtue. ("Beauty Chapter").
The girl prefers the virtuous man, and it is very difficult to find a virtuous husband.
13.In the heyday, it can no longer be repeated, and a hundred years will be overlooked. ("Gong Hou Citation").
Youth will not come again, and the time of death is suddenly approaching me.
14.The sad wind roars on my side, and Xi and the death will not be left. ("Gift to Wang Cang's Poems").
The wind howled bitterly beside me, and the sun wordlessly slipped due west.
15.Although the newcomer is cute, there is nothing like the old one. ("Duckweed Chapter").
Even if the newcomer is pitiful, he is not as good as the one he loved in the past.
16.Looking down on the five mountains, life is like a sojourn. ("Immortals").
Looking down on the five mountains, life is like a sojourn.
17.Thinking of my usual home, I can't speak. ("Two Songs for Ying").
Thinking of the people who live together on weekdays, I was so sad that I didn't have a word.
18.Love is bitter and deep, isn't it worthy of the intestines?("Two Songs for Ying").
The deeper the friendship, the more bitter the parting, how can it not make me feel ashamed?
19.It is not easy to be a king, but it is difficult to be a good minister. ("Song of Resentment").
It's not easy to be a king, and it's even harder to be a subordinate.
20.A gentleman is not suspicious. ("A Gentleman's Walk").
A gentleman is good at preventing problems before they happen, and not always living in a situation of suspicion. The poem admonishes people to be vigilant, and that prudence and prudence will help to ensure personal safety and integrity.