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There are many dynasties in Chinese history that have had a profound impact on later generations, but it is a subjective matter to determine which dynasty had the greatest influence on later generations. However, we can draw on some important historical events and cultural heritage to identify some dynasties that had a profound impact on Chinese history.
Qin Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified centralized state in Chinese history, and its unification ended the state of the Warring States Period and had a profound impact on Chinese history. The Qin Dynasty implemented a series of reforms, such as the implementation of Legalist thought, the unification of writing, currency, weights and measures, etc., which had a profound impact on China's later politics, culture, and economy.
Han dynasty. The Han Dynasty was the second unified centralized state in Chinese history, and its establishment marked China's entry into a feudal society. The Han Dynasty implemented the policy of "deposing a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", making Confucianism the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture. At the same time, the Han Dynasty also strengthened the centralization of power and strengthened the control of the country, laying the foundation for China's later political system.
Tang dynasty. 
The Tang Dynasty was one of the most prosperous dynasties in Chinese history, and it made high achievements in culture, art, science and technology. The Tang Dynasty implemented an open and inclusive policy, absorbing the essence of foreign cultures, and adding new colors to Chinese history. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty also strengthened the centralization of power and consolidated the foundation of feudal society.
Song dynasty. The Song Dynasty included two periods, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. The capital of the Northern Song Dynasty was in Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), and the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty was in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou). The Song Dynasty made high achievements in economy, culture, science and technology, but also faced problems such as foreign invasions.
Yuan. The Yuan Dynasty was the first centralized state established by ethnic minorities in Chinese history. The Yuan Dynasty implemented the culture and institutions of the Mongol people, which had a profound impact on Chinese history. The unification of the Yuan Dynasty put an end to China's long-term state of affairs and promoted exchanges and integration among various ethnic groups. At the same time, the Yuan Dynasty also strengthened the centralization of power and consolidated the foundation of feudal society.
All of these dynasties have left a deep mark on Chinese history, but it is a subjective question to say which dynasty had the greatest influence on later generations. Because each dynasty had its own unique contribution that had a profound impact on Chinese history.