In recent years, some people believe that Chang Yuchun, Feng Sheng, Hu Dahai, Lan Yu and other founding ministers of the Ming Dynasty are Hui, and even Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma are said to be HuiFrom time to time, there are people who do not hesitate to write and ink, and when there is basically no reliable historical data, they make eloquent remarks. 
In fact, these legends are far from the truth of history。It can be asserted,Zhu Yuanzhang not only did not have any policy to support the Hui people, on the contrary, in terms of his political policy and personal mentality, he was to guard against and discriminate against the people, the Hui people are naturally included in the Semu people. There is very little relevant information, and we try to find a correct understanding from the scattered and trivial informationIt is hoped that the various legends on this issue will be clarified, and that the relevant research will continue to be deepened. oneAs we all know, Zhu Yuanzhang called for the expulsion of Hu Lu and the restoration of China, flattening the heroes and destroying the Meng YuanWith a monk from an extremely humble background, after more than ten years of difficult and complex political and military struggles, he finally ascended to the throne and established the Ming Dynasty. At the beginning of the establishment of the regime, he issued some obviously nationalist decrees, Zheng Xiao's "My Study Edition" volume 1: Hongwu first year February Renzi, ban Hu clothes, Hu language, Hu surname. In "History of the Ming Dynasty: Taizu Ji", it was compressed into: Renzi in February of the first year of Hongwu, and the edict was dressed like the Tang system. There are only six words, and the corresponding ban on Hufu is not mentioned at all. Let's look at the record of volume 3 of Tan Qian's "Guoyi": In February of the first year of Hongwu, Renzi, the edict was restored to dress like the Tang system, and Hu clothes, Hu language, and Hu names were forbidden. More than two years after the ban on Hu clothing, Hu language, and Hu name was promulgated, in the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Wuzhang had a new edict. "Ming Huidian" volume 13 "Officials Twelve" contains: Hongwu three years, Zhao Mongolian color people into the office or more name change, a long time of descendants from generation to generation, ignorance of its origin, such as has been changed, listen to its correction. This matter is recorded in more detail in volume 51 of the "Taizu Records": In April Jiazi of the third year of Hongwu, the name of the Mongolian Semu people was changed. The edict said: The Mongolian people are all bare, and they have the ability to use them in one piece. After hearing about the Shi, or more names, I have been thinking about it for a long time, and its descendants have passed it down from generation to generation, ignorance of its origin, which is not the way of the first king to the clan. The book omits its instructions, and if it has been easier, listen to its corrections. [5]
This edict seems to contradict the ban in the first year of Hongwu, and it is puzzling at first reading. In fact, it is not difficult to see that this is only a partial adjustment, and there are Zhu Yuanzhang's profound political considerations behind it. After the death of Yuan, except for a part of the Semu people who fled north to the desert with Emperor Yuan Shun, a large number of Semu people could only stay because they had lived in the interior for a long time。And one of them has been deeply sinicized, and some have also entered the bureaucratic system of the Ming Dynasty through various channels - imperial examinations, military merits, annexation, etc., especially those who have entered the military through internal attachment. In the face of this reality, and in the face of a considerable number of military and political affairs, Zhu Yuanzhang could not help but think about it from a far-reaching political sense, and revised the ban on "Hu's name" in the first year of Hongwu. Please note that this does not include the ban on Hu Fu and Hu language, only the ban on Hu name, which is essentially an expedient measure to accommodate and cannot show that Zhu Yuanzhang has changed his discrimination and prevention against people with color eyes.
The discrimination and forced assimilation of the Mongols and Semu people in the early years of Hongwu was also manifested in the marriage system at that time. According to the "Ming Huidian" volume 22 household seven years: Hongwu five years, so that the Mongolian Semu people, both living in China, are allowed to marry the Chinese family, not allowed to marry each other with this kind, the offender male and female two families confiscated, into the official slave maid. His color eyes are not limited to self-marriage.
This prohibition is also found in the Ming Huidian, vol. 141, Criminal Department XVI, "Law Decree and Marriage": Mongolian Semu marriage: All Mongol Semu people, listening to marriage with the Chinese, must be consensual, do not allow this kind of self-marriage, violators eighty rods, men and women into official slavery. Chinese who do not want to marry the Hui Kipchak are not allowed to marry each other in this category, which is not prohibited.
Obviously, this is a policy with the same intention as the ban on Hu clothes, Hu language, and Hu names, and the core is two pointsThe first is not to allow Mongolians and Semu to marry each other, so as to reduce their population as soon as possible"Eighty canes for violators, men and women into official slavery", the punishment is not uninspired, under the strict order, Mongolians and Semu can only intermarry with Han people, which greatly accelerates the speed of assimilation. The addition of the clause "consensual consensual" is ostensibly to respect the voluntariness of both sides, but in fact it is the ingenuity of the dictator and a clumsy trick. Second, the Han people are reluctant to marry the Hui and Kipchaks"It is not forbidden to obey this kind of self-marriage. This article is quite incomprehensible, and the two statements before and after the "Ming Huidian" are not consistent. The first version is: "This is not limited to the marriage of the Seekers." It seems to be specific to the "Semu Kipchak". The second type is "those who do not want to marry the Hui Kipchaks in their Chinese are not prohibited from marrying each other in this category." It seems that when the Hui people and Kipchaks could not find a Han who was willing to intermarry with them, they allowed their own people to marry. The meaning of "Semu Kipchak" here is unclear, whether it refers to the Kipchaks among the Semu people, or to a specific ethnic groupIt is difficult to make a decision for the time being, and it is allowed to take the test later. In short, we understand it as the opening side of the net, and it is the loose part of a big policy, and it is expected to be roughly the same.
We believe that under Zhu Yuanzhang's harsh laws, the ban in the first year of Hongwu had a wide effect, especially in Jiangnan, where the vast majority of the Mongols scattered all over the country changed their names, and it is difficult to distinguish their ethnic affiliation from their names alone. Qiu Jun, a famous minister of science in the period of Jingtai and Tianshun, once said: At the beginning of the country, all the Mongolian people scattered in the states, many of them changed their surnames and changed their names, and the miscellaneous people, such as one or two barnyard barnyard were born in the hills and ridges and rice. Qiu Jun's analogy is full of a sense of national superiority, but the situation is true. A large number of non-Han names in the Yuan Dynasty society were rarely seen after entering the Ming Dynasty, indicating that there were many people who changed their names at that time。The personal experiences of a large number of Mongolian remnants are naturally very different, but on the whole it should be miserable, and the national change of dynasty will inevitably be accompanied by a drastic societyIn terms of personal experience, the well-known poet Ding Henian is representative. Ding Henian was born in the family of the Semu Shieun, and was born on the occasion of the Yuan, Ming and Ming dynasties. After the death of Yuan, he kept his homeland in mind, and successively lived in Siming and Wuchang, and became poetry friends with Dai Liang and other Han remnants who had the same homeland complex. His plight was reasonable, and it is not surprising. It's just that researchers have always focused more on his political tendencies as a man of color eyes, ignoring that he was actually struggling to survive in a difficult situation, living a life of "panic and panic, like a lost dog." "History of the Ming Dynasty" legend: Siming Fang Guozhen according to eastern Zhejiang, the most taboo people, the year of the crane to migrate and escape, for the boy teacher, or send the monk to sell pulp for self-sufficiency. And the sea is Dading, please return to Wuchang, and the biological mother has died before the obstruction, in the abandoned house of the East Village, the crane year cried bitterly and begged, and the mother told her to dream, but she was buried with blood and bones. Wu Sidao wrote "The Biography of Ding Xiaozi". In the year of the crane, he thought that he was a family member, did not forget his homeland, and after Emperor Shun fled to the north, he cried and wrote poems, and his love words were sad. Late learning the Futu method, Lu lived in the tomb of his father, and died in Yongle. For his "migration and escape", in addition to Fang Guozhen's **, the Ming man Sun Xu also said another reason: Ding Henian from the Western Regions, Hongwu Chu, the Hui people are very strict in their prohibition, and they are not allowed to be free. Ding tastes a poem: The whereabouts are uncertain, the owl migrates eastward, and his heart only flies north with the geese. The author Sun Xu, the word Chengfu, self-named Shaxi, the old city people, Hongzhi has not entered the scholar, the official to the Tai Servant Siqing. The two poems quoted are not found in this "Ding Crane Year Poetry Collection". The specific content of Sun Xu's statement that "the Hui people are very strict and they are not allowed to be free in their behavior" is not found in the historical books of the Ming Dynasty, and there is no way to know, but Sun Xu's words are conclusive and should not be said at will. 
From this, it can be seen that in the Hongwu Dynasty, the people of Semu were not free to live in their actions。The late scene of Ding Henian, that is, the so-called "late learning of the Futu method, the tomb of his father", "hidden in the mountains of Wuchang", and selling medicine on the streets of Wuchang, etc., are actually just survival measures under the situation of "very strict prohibitions". Wu Sidao also talked about the down-and-out displacement of Ding Henian's family at that time in "The Biography of Ding Xiaozi": Ding Xiaozi's name is the Year of the Crane, the year of the word Crane, and the people of the Western Regions. Since his ancestors entered the middle summer, he was a prominent official, his father was the Duke of Ma Lu Ding, the longest official in Wuchang County, and there was good governance. He was buried in Wuchang. After the rebellion, the Crane Year hurriedly went to the South Xu Shi's father's house, and the biological mother Feng first hid in the East Village, the East Village was the first to be difficult, and Mo Zhizhi was prevented. 
The escape life of the Ding family is likely to be a common situation of many southern families in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, and it should not only come from Fang Guozhen and Zhu Yuanzhang, but it is likely to be a common phenomenon in society during the turbulent period. However, the casting of decrees, and even the public implementation of insulting prohibitions, was done by Zhu Yuanzhang, and it is the unique style of this "cloth emperor" with obvious sadistic tendencies. Although many things have been erased intentionally or unintentionally, there are still traces that have survived and been excavated by interested historians. Mr. Deng Zhicheng, a senior scholar, in his famous book "Gu Dong Trivia", has a cloud of "Famous Monument of the Teaching Workshop Division": Nanjing Antiquities Preservation Institute, there is Wanli Xinhai Teaching Workshop Division is a famous inscription, where there are twenty colors, there are haichang, color long, cloth teacher, music worker and so on. According to Hongwu Zhongjian 14th floor in Beijing, in order to deal with the official tricks, said: Laibin, Chongze, Qingjiang, Shicheng, Hewu, Drunken Immortal ....... There is a stele in the book, with pigskin boots in his eyes, and he is not allowed to ride, and if he walks in the middle of the path, he is allowed to kill civilians. In the inscription, there is no such rule. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were colored people in the Qinglou, as seen in Yuan Xia Tingzhi's "Qinglou Ji", such as "Muslim Danse" Miriha is an example. There are many more examples, and there is no need to cite them. WhileThe Ming Dynasty stipulated that the color eyes in the workshop must wear "pigskin shoes", and stipulated that they were not allowed to ride horses, and if they dared to walk in the middle of the street, "civilians were allowed to be killed".
Two. Out of political needs, Zhu Yuanzhang sometimes had to use some people with special skillsA typical example is that in the first year of Hongwu, the Hui people set up the Tianjian Division, and used the Hui people to black, Abdula, Dieli Yueshi, etc.;In the second year, he used Yuan Huimin, Si Tiantai, Zheng Ali and other eleven people. He also appointed the Hui scholars Ma Sha Yihei and Ma Hama to edit for Hanlin, and asked them to translate the dozens of hundreds of copies of the "Book of the Ancestors of Qianfang" obtained from the Yuan Dadu, and personally write the edict to show their solemnity. There are also some people, especially soldiers who are proficient in martial arts, he also needs it. As mentioned in the article "The Historical Site of Zhang Jin, a Hui Follower in the Early Qing Dynasty", Abdullah, the ancestor of the Zhang family of the Yangzhou Hui people, was given the surname Zhang by Zhu Yuanzhang because of his good shooting, and he was an officer in later generations. This is also an example. According to the existing Ming Dynasty guard officer's "Selected Book", it is not difficult for us to find that the number of Mongols and Semu people in the Ming Dynasty army is quite large, but a large number of them are successively attached after Yongle and Xuande, and there are also those in the Hongwu period, but the proportion is not large. Early attached,In the "Blue Party Case" launched by Zhu Yuanzhang to crack down on Lan Yu, a powerful figure in the army, most of them have been purged, which is a shocking record in the book "Records of Rebel Ministers" that records the confessions of the Blue Party. We don't have to mention them one by one, but only excerpt the confessions of Fagu and others, the commander of the Mongolian Left Guard: (Fagu) Zhao went to Beijing to repair the city gate, because he knew that Lan Yu was at home, and he went to visit him. The official stayed and said: My in-law Jingning Hou was abolished for the Hu Party, and we all followed the superiors since childhoodNow you have to be a prince, and you can't keep it, you Dada, Semu people, I don't know what will happen after a long time?When you are willing to obey me in your heart, you will not worry about enjoying riches. Fagu's confession is consistent with that of another implicated officer, Naer Buhua。Nai Er Buhua's confession is: On the 23rd day of the first month of the 26th year of Hongwu, the Mongolian guard commander Fagu came to see each other at home, and then the commander who left the Taiwan also came. If you don't spend it, you will leave everyone in the drinking room, and there is an ancient saying: 'I went to see the Duke of Liang yesterday, and he said to me that he wanted to teach you to know, so I came to consult with you. He asked, 'What did he come from?'The official replied, "Liangguo is fair."We are all people who have followed the superior since childhood, and we have not yet been able to protect the status of a prince, and you and other Dada and Semu people who have surrendered, I don't know what will happen after a long time, he said that sooner or later he would rebel, and taught me to prepare some heroes to help him. The same confession was made by an officer named Erwa, also relayed by Fagu. This case involved a large number of Mongolian and Semu officers, and like the confessions of other people who were connected, most of them were the product of torture to extract confessions, and they were the same, like a printing plate, which was unbelievable. However, this confirms a historical fact, namelyZhu Yuanzhang was distrustful of the Mongols who had surrendered, Lan Yu said: "I don't know what will happen after a long time!.""There is seditious intent, but it is not out of nowhere. Because when these Dadaser officers talked in secret, they talked about it many times."Here the law is good, and I will treat the Dada people as if they were thieves, and if I had learned of this before, I would not have come until I died。"It proves that Lan Yu's intimidation of the Semu people is not out of thin air, after all, he is a high-ranking general who has been reused by Zhu Yuanzhang. We also note that in the confession of the "Blue Party", several people mentioned "".In the past, there was a Dada leader, who could not bear the suffering, and also rebelled. Because we are fighting forward, we cannot go out on this。"There is no record of this incident in the historical books of the Ming Dynasty and the History of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, and it is difficult for us to confirm the time and place of its occurrence for the time being. My speculation may refer to an incident in October of the first year of Hongwu. At that time, Xu Da led a large army to break through the capital of Yuan, and escorted the captured Mengyuan civil and military bureaucrats and other brigades to Nanjing, and when they arrived in Tongzhou, "there were Uighurs who wanted to cause rebellion, and the matter was leaked, killing more than 5,000 people, and their wives and daughters were matched with sergeants." This is a major political event, but it is only seen in Yu Ben's private book "Chronicle", there is no trace in the official history, fortunately in recent years Mr. Chen Xuelin discovered and published it, the Ming history circle can read and apply it. The exact content of the "Uighur rebellion" is unknown, but it is speculated that the captives tried to escape from their detention and return to northern Xinjiang, so they suffered a catastrophe of annihilation, and as many as 5,000 people were killed, which left a deep impression on the surrendered Mongols. Therefore, when many of their officers were drawn into the Blue Party and faced the disaster of the extermination, many of them showed remorse for surrender and longed for "going back to my meadow and being happy". Naha, the descendant of Mu Huali, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, guarded Liaodong with 100,000 people, and then returned to Zhu Yuanzhang and sealed the Marquis of Haixi. After his death, his son Chahan was named the Marquis of Shenyang, and in fact lived a life of fear. When Lan Yu asked him to "pack up some Dada people to answer", he thought that "if it happens, it will be done with the big name, and it will have to be played in the grass." He said, ".We are ordinary Dada, and we are attached to the present dynasty as officials, but the law is at stake, and we can't get out, so looking at this situation, it is better to follow him to do it. The words "can't get out" are all about these people's misery, and they really live like a year.
From the large-scale campaign to purge the "Blue Party", we can clearly see the tragic fate of a large number of people who surrendered to Mongolia, and also see Zhu Yuanzhang's ruthless rectification of heroes such as Chang Yuchun's son Chang Sheng, the founder of the country, and Lan Yu, the Duke of Liangguo. Some people say that Chang and Lan are Hui people, this is groundless, let's not draw conclusions, from Lan Yu's own spoken language, it can be seen that Lan Yu has never equated himself with the color people, but separated himself from the color people. WhileFrom the disaster of annihilation suffered by a large number of surrendered Semu people, we do not see that Zhu Yuanzhang has any special extralegal feelings for the Hui people, all that is seen is suspicion, * and merciless killing. 
In fact, Zhu Yuanzhang does not hide his contempt for the Semu people, even in dealing with ordinary affairs, we can cite some examples. "Da Xu" is a collection of laws and regulations formulated by Zhu Yuanzhang himself, and he carefully selects cases, writes handling opinions, and even details the final disposal method. He hoped that "as soon as the order comes out, the world will keep it". In "Da Xu", two convicted Hui people** were involved, one was named Ai Zuding, and the crime was "playing official subordinates", Zhu Yuanzhang's verdict and processing result were: Ai Zuding is a Hui people, and he is appointed as Zuo Shaoqing of Dali Temple. Where the sentence is carefully examined, his heart is in and out, and his fellow is in the temple Jinshi Yang Ji, who is in charge of the punishment. His Azuddin and other officials are not regular. Bian Tai, the secretary of the Inner Dali, was played by Jinshi Tang Sheng and others, and has been punished. His Ai Zu Ding was jealous, and he was full of things, and Yang Ji was not short to blame, and he was going to go in and out for a reason, and he was hazy. His words said: Yang Ji did not follow the etiquette law, and humiliated the ministers in the court. I am the imperial history of the question, and its reinstatement is also, it is Ai Zuding who falsely played Yang Ji, and Zu Ding pleaded with his guilt without regrets, and punished him. The Ai Zuding, Bian Tai, Tang Sheng, Yang Ji, etc. involved in this case are all Dali Temple**,Only for Ai Zudin, Zhu Yuanzhang pointed out "the Hui people's clan" with a pen, it is difficult to imagine what kind of mentality this is。Judging from the results of the handling - Ai Zudin was killed just because he was "jealous" and falsely accused Yang Ji of being untrue - it cannot help but make people feel that the sentence "belonging to the Hui people" actually contains Zhu Yuanzhang's discrimination.
Let's look at another case, that is, "The Third Part of the Great Decree: Wang Xi and Other Treacherous Twenty-ninth". Zhu Yuanzhang wrote: Wang Xi in the Ministry of Rites, a person with color eyes, is called Wang Xi with the surname of Han, and is in charge of the affairs of the ancestral hall. Where the great driver, the East Palace, and the king enter and exit, and the generals march, there are sacrifices, and the cattle are bought by the headquarters. His Wang Xitong, together with the procuratorate, the sub-department of the Criminal Department, and the Shaoqing of the Guanglu Division, Qu Tunan, secretly transferred the confiscated pigs and sheep to the text for bribery. The official banknotes it disbursed, or thousands, or tens of thousands, have been paid down. caused the principal Li Xian to be a former traitor because of the incident. Wang Xi openly recklessly scolded and killed himself. "The Great Message" is all over the subjects, it has not been widely published, and there is one in the Ministry of Rites, which is often read by Yin Yan, a member of the staff. When Wang Xi saw it, he hid his book, which was also played by Yin Yan. Woohoo!A gentleman guides people to be good, but he is afraid that he will not be good, and he will guide him again and again. Today, Wang Xi is openly evil, seeing that people are good, and evil people are good, hiding his "Edict" so that people do not know. "Message" has been distributed all over the world, how can it be hidden!Woohoo!The fool is fascinated by profit, and he will be cunning as a trick, who does not know how to kill quickly, and the lustful king Xi will kill himself. The deeds of Wang and Xi have not been examined in history, and the names before the Han names are changed are also unknown. According to the "Message", Wang Xi's crimes are mainly two, one is to collude with other ** through the power in charge of sacrificial livestock, and secretly transfer the confiscated pigs and sheep to the text for bribery and destruction", taking the opportunity **. Of course, this is a felony, and it is what Zhu Yuanzhang hates the most. The second is a bit inexplicable. His colleague Yin Yan revealed that Wang Xi had hidden the "Great Message" that Zhu Yuanzhang had awarded to the Ministry of Rites, "making people unaware." Zhu Yuanzhang once stipulated that the first and first three parts of the "Great Message" should be recited by the Tibetan people at home for reference. "All of them are awarded to the school palace to teach them, and the teachers of the school teach them. As a result, many "activists" appeared in society who could recite the full text of the "Great Message." For a time, more than 190,000 teachers and students from schools all over the world who could lecture and read the "Great Message" came to Beijing to meet them, and Zhu Yuanzhang was of course elated, "all of them were given money and sent back." Zhu Yuanzhang believed that with his severe handling of a series of "harmful civil principles" and his earnest admonitions, he would surely be able to penetrate into the hearts of the people, and the world would be under great order. Yin Yan, who "often reads" the "Great Message", is obviously a political speculator who is good at chasing the wind, and he exposed Wang Xi's hiding of the "Great Message", which constituted Wang Xi's crime of "evil people are good", and finally put Wang Xi to die quickly. It sounds familiar, and it's very disgusting. WhileZhu Yuanzhang's "Semu Wang Xi" one after another, his sarcasm and frivolity jumped on the paper, although it was not compatible with his imperial status, but it could also be seen that he was disgusted with Semu people.
Zhu Yuanzhang was very wary of the Mongols and Semu people who were attached to him and scattered among the people, which is reflected in a series of his remarks. The "Imperial Decree Miscellaneous Examination II" contained in the "Yishan Hall Collection" of the Ming Dynasty Wang Shizhen recorded Zhu Yuanzhang's handwritten edict to Xu Da and others in the third year of Hongwu: A Tai Doctor, a native of Jiangxi, was promoted by the former Yuan, that is, he was used in various officials;He also commanded Sun Cang to have two Hui people, and Jin You asked the Fu family slaves to be sent by the sect. Such nuanced observation and recourse are understandable for political reasons. But, we also seeZhu Yuanzhang's mentality is related to his Yidi conceptTie. He once had a short essay "Xie Yi Di Youjun Chapter Said", which was his experience after reading the chapter "Yi Di Zhi Youjun" in Confucius's "Analects of the Eight Hundreds", he wrote:Yidi, beasts alsoTherefore, Confucius was cheap, thinking that although there was a monarch in the other country, he did not know the courtesy of the monarch and the ministers, and the upper and lower divisions were full of battles. This will not be the case with China's indulgent monarchy. It is its king, and it is not as good as the death of Zhuxia. Song Ru said that the people of China are not as good as Yidi, isn't it ridiculous!
Based on such a national consciousness, discrimination, vigilance, and even trusse-up charges must be cut off, and this must become the basic principle of other ethnic policies
It can be seen that Zhu Yuanzhang is by no means a Hui, and the Ming Dynasty he established has nothing to do with the Hui. Although due to historical reasons, some of the Semu people who defected to the Ming Dynasty became officials in the Ming Dynasty, but most of them were at the grassroots level, and they were discriminated against and excluded.