I finally understood what to call Dr. Qing when he died

Previously, I once wrote an article about the titles of the king of Zhou, the princes, and the doctors in the "Zuo Biography", which was poorly written.

Yesterday, I read the article "Ju Zhi is not succumbed to Jin", and the second sentence is "will be the ruling Zi Ju Zhi". I was confused about the name of "Rongzi", so I checked the information, and this time I finally sorted out some clues.

1. The Son of Heaven

1. Before his death, he said.

Before Zhou Tianzi was alive, others called the Son of Heaven, and they generally called him "king". There are also those who are called "the Son of Heaven" on formal occasions, such as "The Son of Heaven Makes Kong Said" in the article "Qi Huan Bows Down and Receives the Bow".

2. Self-proclaimed before death.

The Son of Heaven claimed to be "one more person" during his lifetime, called himself "Xiaotong" during his mourning, and called himself "Buyi" when he was in trouble.

3. Posthumous title.

After the death of the Son of Heaven, he is called a nickname, which is generally "country name + name + king", for example, King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of Zhou, King Xiang of Zhou, and so on. Note that "Zhou" originally referred to the place under the jurisdiction of the royal family, that is, Wangji, and was only used as the name of the dynasty in later generations.

2. Princes (kings of various countries).

1. Before his death, he said.

Before his death, others generally called him "Jun" or "Gong", for example, when talking, he often saw "Gong".

In the dialogue between the monarch and the courtiers, the word "Jun" is often seen, such as "Chu Gui Jin Zhifu" has "The minister does not accept grievances, and the king does not accept virtue." ”

On formal occasions, it is called the title, which is generally "the name of the country + the title". For example, the monarch of the Song State was called "Song Gong", the monarch of the State of Qi was called "Marquis of Qi", the monarch of Zheng Guojun was called "Zheng Bo", the monarch of Chu was called "Chu Zi" (it is another thing for the Emperor of Chu to be called king), and the monarch of Xu Guoguo was called "Xu Nan". For example, in "Zheng Zhuang Gong's Martial Guards", there is "Autumn and July, the Guild Qi Marquis and Zheng Bohua Xu." ”

2. Self-proclaimed before death.

Princes generally call themselves "widows" during their lifetimes, and when they are mourning or suffering, they call themselves "lonely". For example, in "Zheng Zhuang Gong's Martial Guards", there is "a widow has a brother, and he can't be reconciled." For another example, in "The Battle of *Kun", there is "Lone disobeys Uncle Ji, insults the second and third sons, the sin of Lone, not for Meng Ming, Lonely's fault, what is the crime of the doctor, and I don't cover up the virtue with a glance." ”

3. Posthumous title.

After the death of the princes, they are called "the name of the country + the name of the prince + the duke". For example, Song Xianggong, Qi Huan Gong, Jin Wen Gong, Qin Mu Gong, etc.

For example, in "Zheng Boke Duan Yu Yan", there is "the beginning,Zheng WugongMarried to Shen".

Of course, there are exceptions, for example, in the seventeenth year of Duke Huan of "Zuo Chuan", "癸巳, burial of Marquis Cai Huan." I don't know why I don't call it "Cai Huangong".

3. The Son of Heaven and the Princes

1. The princes proclaimed themselves "vassals" in front of the Son of Heaven.

2. The Son of Heaven called the princes with different surnames "uncles" and the princes with the same surnames "uncles".

Fourth, Doctor Qing (Doctor Qing).

1. Self-proclaimed before death.

In front of the monarch, doctors other than the secretary generally call themselves "ministers + names", that is, "ministers so-and-so";In front of the monarch, the secretary generally calls himself a "minister", and there is no need to add a name.

2. Before his death, he said.

In front of the king, doctors generally call each other "names", even if they are fathers and sons, this rule is "the name of the king's former ministers".

3. Posthumous title.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the doctor was called "uncle" and "zhong", not "son". After Duke Xi and Duke Wen (that is, before and after Duke Wen of Jin became hegemonic), the ruling secretary began to be called "son", and during the Warring States period, he was named "Jun". For example, in the early days of Zang Xibo, Zang Aibo, Zang Wenzhong, in the later Jin Dynasty, Zhao Yuan was called Zhao Chengzi, Wei Li was called Wei Wuzi, Luan Zhi was called Luan Zhenzi, Xun Lin's father was called Zhongxing Huanzi, and Xun Que was called Xun Chengzi.

5. The title of "son".

The title of "son", in addition to honorific titles, mainly has the following situations:

1. The Viscount of the Kingdom was called "country name + son" during his lifetime, such as "Chu Zi";

2. The successor of the princes is called "son";

3. The monarch of the barbarian state and remote places is called "Zi";

4. The secretary of the Zhou royal family is called "Zi";

5. The secretary of a large country (such as the Jin State, the Qi State, etc.) is called the "son", because he is the official secretary of the royal family, and his status is close to that of the viscount.

Interestingly, Gu Yanwu wrote an article specifically for "The Doctor's Son" in the fourth volume of the "Daily Knowledge", p213.

The original text is as follows:

Zhou system: The prince and the boy are the fifth-class lords, and although the doctor is expensive, he does not dare to call the son. "Spring and Autumn" has been known as uncle, Zhong, uncle, and Ji since the beginning of the father. The first of the three huans is called Gongzhong, Uncle Xu, and Chengji.

Mengsun's name is also contempt;The uncle and grandson are also called the son, and the leopard is also;Ji Sun's name is also his son, and his own father is also. The Zhuqing of Jin did not have a son before Duke Wen, and the Wei family was called a son, and he was also a sonLuan's name is also a son, and it is also self-branching;Zhao's name is also self-decaying;The name of the Zhongxing clan is also the son, and the father of the forest is also;The name of the Yin family is also, and it is also lacking;Zhi's name is also the son, and he surrenders himself;Fan's name is also the son, and he will also;Han's name is also Zi, and he is also self-inflicted.

Jin, Qi, Lu, and Wei are called the rulers, and Zheng is the only one in other countries, and the rest are not, and they dare not merge with the big countries. Lu Zhi's three families are called sons, and he is like Zang's family, Zifu family, and Zhong Shu's family, all of whom are called uncles and uncles, and they dare not merge with the three families. His life may also be called by Bo and Zhong, such as Zhao Meng and Zhibo, and then he will be called "son" after death, and he will be called "Gong" after the death of the monarch of Judah. Here you can see the rise and fall of the world, and those who read "Spring and Autumn" can ignore it

In the Spring and Autumn Period, although the doctor pretended to be the son, but did not dare to call it before the king, the princes of Judah claimed to be the prince, but did not dare to call it before the Son of HeavenTo the Warring States, the "son" is not enough to say, and it is named the "king".In the Spring and Autumn Period, after the Emperor and the Writer, the ruling secretary was called the "son". Later, he was also called a son by scholars, Lao Tzu and Confucius.

Above.