When it comes to Khrushchev, I believe everyone knows that he was the leader of the former Soviet Union.
Because of a picture of Khrushchev holding a piece of corn, it "added color" to it a lot, so that many students who did not know history mistakenly thought that Khrushchev was an amiable leader like Comrade ***.
In fact, Khrushchev pked out numerous competitors before coming to power, and there was no shortage of bloody tactics.
He's not as funny and honest as everyone thinks.
As Stalin's number one follower during his lifetime, Khrushchev always touted Stalin as his "biological father" when he was not in power.
After Stalin's death, Khrushchev's approach to the "biological father" was chilling.
In addition, as the leader of the Soviet Union during the "Cold War", Khrushchev inevitably had to deal with leading comrades of the Communist Party of China such as ***.
For Khrushchev, the opinion of the two great men is almost the same: ".It is not difficult to find from his attitude towards Stalin that Khrushchev is good at turning over old accounts, and he cannot be said to have no achievements in politics, at least not far-sighted. ”
In the early 80s of the 20 th century, Comrade Xiaoping made it clear when he met with the world-famous female journalist Farage at the Great Hall of the People"Don't compare me to Khrushchev, it's stupid!".”
Said more than once in the party"I will not make a despicable act like Khrushchev. ”
So, Khrushchev was the former supreme leader of the Soviet Union, why is he so badly evaluated in ***?
And why did he treat his "biological father" Stalin, why did he have a bipolar reversal before and after?
Khrushchev was born in April 1894.
Due to his poor family, he studied in the countryside for several years as a teenager, and later dropped out of school early to start working as a plumber.
After the October Revolution, Khrushchev joined the Bolshevik Party, joined the Red Army in 1919, and returned to Donetsk in 1921 to work as a miner.
From 1925 onwards, Khrushchev served as secretary of the Petrovsk-Mariinsk Regional Party Committee.
By 1939, Khrushchev successively served as Secretary of the Party Committee of the Moscow Stalin Institute of Technology, Second Secretary and First Secretary of the Moscow Regional Party Committee, and finally became a member of the Politburo of the CPSU.
Judging from Khrushchev's experience, he is quite different from the revolutionaries of the generation of Stalin and Lenin.
Khrushchev was not a radical democratic-turned-Marxist.
To put it more colloquially, Khrushchev was a young man from the countryside, who had little education in his early years, lacked a rational understanding of communism, and was full of the simple revolutionary enthusiasm of a hot-blooded youth.
In his opinion, both the capitalists and the landlords must be overthrown. As for the way, Khrushchev did not form a specific idea in his mind, and he could only go wherever he went.
However, Khrushchev possessed the innocence and simplicity of a peasant, which was a key point in his favor with Stalin.
When dealing with such people, special attention should be paid to ways and means, because Khrushchev did not play his cards according to common sense.
During Stalin's lifetime, Khrushchev touted him as his "biological father."
Everywhere you go, the first sentence at the beginning is: how Comrade Stalin is.
However, there was no shortage of outstanding people around Stalin, in addition to Khrushchev, Beria, Malenkov, Voroshilov, and Bulganin, who far surpassed the "country youth" Khrushchev in terms of their background and correct understanding of communism, including their practical work ability and political achievements.
As the saying goes: you don't wear a thousand sycophants.
Khrushchev always highly admired Stalin, and at that time he was quite honest and had such a "momentum" in doing things, Stalin still trusted him.
After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev suddenly lost his backers, when Malenkov was the first secretary of the CPSU and at the same time chairman of the Council of Ministers (the head of the party).
At this time, the "Beria Affair" broke out in the CPSU, and Khrushchev, as the mastermind, cleared the Beria clique.
Seeing that the situation was not good, Malenkov hastened to cede the power of first secretary to Khrushchev.
On September 3, 1953, Khrushchev was elected as the new first secretary of the CPSU after Lenin and Stalin.
It stands to reason that Khrushchev has already taken power, and at this time he should be grateful for the cultivation of his "biological father" Stalin, continue to support the banner of Stalin in the party, and carry forward his last wishes.
Khrushchev chose to do the opposite.
Shortly after Stalin's death, he spoke out in public against Stalin, even ordering Stalin's body to be removed from Lenin's tomb.
This contrast in attitudes from one to the other not only shocked even the entire Soviet Union, but even made the party leaders such as *** in China feel very incomprehensible.
It stands to reason that without Stalin's constant trust and cultivation, Khrushchev would not have been able to fight Malenkov and Beria.
Moreover, Khrushchev always said that Stalin was his father.
But Khrushchev turned his face faster than he turned a book, and as soon as he became the first secretary, he began to liquidate Stalin's former cronies.
In the eyes of the Chinese, this is a model of disloyalty, inhumanity and injustice.
** The chairman has only traveled abroad twice in his life, and both times he has visited the Soviet Union, and he has been in contact with Stalin, Khrushchev, and Brezhnev and other leaders of the CPSU.
However, when it comes to who has the worst evaluation of these leaders?No one is better than Khrushchev.
At the beginning of Khrushchev's rise to power, *** was somewhat surprised. Judging from his old man's previous division of status within the CPSU, Khrushchev is somewhat unknown, and his ranking within the CPSU is after Malenkov, Beria, and Bulganin.
Unexpectedly, after the death of Stalin, it was this inconspicuous Khrushchev who became the first secretary.
Of course, this is an internal matter of the CPSU, and it is inconvenient to ask more.
At the beginning of Khrushchev's rise to power, Sino-Soviet relations continued to warm up due to the combined effect of various factors, and the two countries entered a "honeymoon period" of friendship and cooperation.
However, at the "20th Congress" of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956, after Khrushchev publicly made a secret report criticizing Stalin's mistakes, he reflected on the Soviet experience, and China and the Soviet Union then disagreed on a series of issues.
In the late 50s and early 60s of the 20th century, communication between the top leaders of China and the Soviet Union and Khrushchev became more and more difficult, which made the rift between China and the Soviet Union develop to an irreconcilable level, leading to "brotherly rebellion".
On a series of events that affected Sino-Soviet relations, ** showed more reason and tried his best not to completely turn his face with Khrushchev.
Unlike ***, Khrushchev was very reckless, did not listen to the advice of the people around him, and often thought of remedying it after poking the basket.
Some people evaluate Khrushchev as a volcano that could erupt at any timeSometimes, the eruption of this volcano can bring benefits to people;But more often than not, volcanic eruptions bring disaster.
The first event that caused Sino-Soviet relations to deteriorate was Khrushchev's attitude toward Stalin.
As briefly introduced above, Khrushchev turned his face and denied himself immediately after Stalin's death, and began to liquidate his "biological father".
** Khrushchev was considered to have lacked basic moral character in doing so.
In the eyes of the Chinese, if Khrushchev had long been dissatisfied with Stalin, he could have openly opposed it and raised different opinions during his lifetime.
Why did Khrushchev sing the praises of Stalin when he was alive, calling him his own father? After Stalin's death, his attitude suddenly took a 180-degree turn, as if he had never supported Stalin
**The idea is very simple, Khrushchev is doing this "double-faced", which is contrary to traditional morality.
If he wasn't greedy for power and didn't care whether Stalin trusted him or not, he could have stood up for a public trial of Stalin while he was alive, and then he would still think that he was a man who dared to act.
It should not wait until Stalin is dead to criticize a dead man who has lost his words.
This view was also the consensus of most CCP leaders at the time.
On the afternoon of March 3, 1956, members of the CPC delegation attending the "20th National Congress of the CPSU" returned to Beijing.
Shortly after getting off the plane, a meeting of the main leaders was convened at the Huairen Hall in Zhongnanhai, and Comrade Xiaoping reported on the situation of the "20th National Congress" of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
After listening to the report, I didn't express my position immediately, and put forward a request to everyone before the meeting:Spend 10 days studying issues related to the 20th Congress of the CPSU and how China is coping with it.
10 days later, he personally presided over an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China in Yi Nian Hall.
** For the first time at the meeting, a brief statement was made about Khrushchev's approach, which of course was not positive.
He thinks the old man"Khrushchev's secret report to Stalin was to lift the lid and stab Lou Zi, we can't do things as recklessly as he did. ”
So after the "20th Congress" of the CPSU, ** regarded Khrushchev as a morally flawed villain, and developed a deep-seated antipathy towards him.
Sure enough, in the mid-to-late 50s of the 20 th century, the Soviet Union proposed to build a "joint fleet" with China.
As the name suggests, the United Fleet is to improve the combat effectiveness of the Chinese Navy by the Soviet Union with money, manpower, and technology.
In return, the Soviet side was to build military docks in Qingdao, Fuzhou and other places in China, and install radar detection equipment (long-wave radio).
The Soviets** could temporarily dock at these ports in an emergency, and the Soviets had the right to share the information scanned by the radio with China.
How could it be possible to agree to Khrushchev's proposal, he was immediately furious and severely interrogated the Soviet ambassador to China.
Khrushchev hurriedly changed his itinerary and went to Beijing to explain to *** in person.
According to relevant sources, the wording used in the conversation with Khrushchev was very harsh.
Khrushchev did not dare to refute at that time, and said many good things before he suppressed the matter.
Thinking about it, the students think about it, he is also the supreme leader of the Soviet Union, how could he really swallow this breath?
At the end of the 50s of the 20th century, Khrushchev unilaterally announced the withdrawal of all experts who assisted China, and openly denounced China's nuclear research in the international community"Even if China is given a few more decades, they will not be able to develop nuclear **."
In fact, as early as when Khrushchev proposed to build a joint fleet with China, he was considered ill-intentioned.
Coupled with the fact that the Soviet Union stopped a series of assistance to China, it shows that Khrushchev intended to take revenge on China and take revenge
As Khrushchev wrote in his own memoirs in his later years"China can no longer be looked at with naïve eyes, it is becoming more and more unworkable, and the actions of the Chinese are becoming more and more incomprehensible." ”
With the return of all the experts who assisted China to the Soviet Union, the relations between China and the Soviet Union were completely sour.
In addition, Khrushchev at that time was bent on achieving "US-Soviet reconciliation", and he was even more dissatisfied with China, believing that China was a stumbling block affecting the reconciliation between the United States and the Soviet Union.
In addition, Khrushchev repeatedly misbehaved in public, accusing *** of being wrong here and there, and completely lacking the humility he had when he was in Beijing.
Therefore, in the late 50s and early 60s of the 20th century, Khrushche, who became the supreme leader of the Soviet Union, was sensitive to external reactions.
He has an impatient temperament and is eager to achieve results, but he lacks the ability to resolve conflicts. often put forward an unrealistic idea, and have to personally come to the door to apologize. Not only will it lose face, but it will also make relations between the USSR and other countries more and more stiff.
** will not agree to a series of unreasonable demands made by Khrushchev at all.
Coupled with Khrushchev's previous attitude towards Stalin's bipolar reversal, *** began to seriously doubt this man's private morality.
Once Khrushchev is labeled "disloyal and unjust", it will definitely affect Sino-Soviet relations. The contradictions between the two countries determined the direction of the relations between the two countries under the special historical conditions at that time, and the Sino-Soviet relations eventually deteriorated to the point of no return.
From the 50s to the 70s of the 20th century, Comrade ** often visited other countries to participate in meetings as a delegation of the Communist Party of China.
According to statistics, he visited the Soviet Union eight times in his life, seven of which were with Khrushchev, then the first secretary of the CPSU.
It can be said that **should be the leader of the CCP who knows Khrushchev best after the chairman and the premier.
In 1950, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Comrade Xiaoping visited the Soviet Union for the first time.
Khrushchev said after a conversation with Comrade Xiaoping"This person (** is amazing, I have dealt with him, don't look at him shorter, his level of wisdom and thinking is very high. ”
In February 1956, on the eve of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of China was invited to send a delegation to attend.
At that time, the secretary of the Communist Party of China was the head of the delegation, and Wang Jiaxiang, a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China, went to the Soviet Union with the marshal.
At the "20th Congress" of the CPSU, Khrushchev made a secret report sharply criticizing Stalin, which in fact caused serious ideological confusion in the internal movement of international communism.
** was angry about this at the time and said bluntly:"Stalin was an international figure, and Khrushchev could not treat him like this. ”
After returning to China, *** continued to elaborate on his own point of view"Stalin was a great Marxist-Leninist, and we should look at Stalin from a historical point of view.
It is not possible to arbitrarily say whether this person is good or bad after making a comprehensive and appropriate analysis of what he is right and what is wrong. ”
On October 23 of the same year, **Wang Jiaxiang, Hu Qiaomu, Shi Zhe and others took a special plane to Moscow.
At this time, the "Hungarian incident" was in full swing, and it was only after *** and *** that he did his work many times, Khrushchev said that he would not withdraw his troops from Hungary for the time being.
In 1957, after the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was held, China and the Soviet Union not only had differences on the evaluation of Stalin, but also had great differences on a series of major issues of relations, such as peaceful coexistence and peaceful transition.
In order to reconcile the differences between China and the Soviet Union, ** went to the Soviet Union again to hold talks with Khrushchev, and although some progress was made, the contradictions between the two countries were not really reconciled.
In the early 60s of the 20th century, in the face of increasingly tense Sino-Soviet relations, China and the Soviet Union decided to hold talks in Moscow in September 1960 at the suggestion of the Vietnamese Party.
On September 15, the CPC delegation led by Comrade *** flew to Moscow and was received by the Soviet Union with a high standard.
As soon as the members of the Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow, they started a heated debate with Khrushchev and others.
At that time, Khrushchev used the "Albanian incident" to insinuate and attack the Chinese Communist Party, and he was sorry for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Comrade Xiaoping knew very well that Khrushchev was saying something, and he bluntly refuted it"The Albanian Workers' Party is a small party that can insist on its independence, and you should respect people better and not exert pressure. ”
The meaning of Comrade Xiaoping's remarks is also obvious"The Communist Party of the Soviet Union is the leader in the socialist camp, if it always holds on to a trivial matter, what will other small countries think?" ”
Khrushchev was not a fool, he heard the meaning of Comrade Xiaoping's words, he looked a little excited at that time, his face turned red, and he said loudly: "This is not just the labor of the CPSU and AlbaniaThe matter of disagreement between the parties, they took our gold and grain, and in turn scolded us! ”
Obviously, Khrushchev used the Albanian incident to accuse the Chinese Communist Party of receiving aid from the Soviet Union.
Now that relations between the two countries have become stiff, they blame the Chinese side for obstructing them.
Putting away the smile on his face, he said seriously and sincerely"Aid is for the purpose of imposing proletarian internationalist obligations, not for the purpose of controlling and interfering in the internal affairs of other countries.
You have helped others, and others have also helped you, which can be regarded as taking what you need, and the relationship between countries should not be so clear. ”
Khrushchev was choked by Comrade Xiaoping's remarks, and the meeting broke up unhappily.
On November 10, 1960, the Moscow Conference was held, and Khrushchev was the first to speak.
In his speech, which lasted more than two hours, he launched a series of attacks on the Chinese Communist Party in an attempt to provoke controversy.
When it was the turn of the CPC delegation to speak, Comrade Xiaoping, who had always been mild-mannered, raised his voice.
First of all, he sternly refuted the false remarks attacking the Communist Party of China, and then made a speech on the issues of the times, war and peace, and peaceful coexistence.
Eventually, the CPSU adopted an attitude of consultation and compromise, and on December 1, 1960, 81 communist and workers' parties adopted the Moscow Declaration, which was jointly signed.
For the Moscow meeting, he spoke highly of the CPC delegation and fully affirmed the contest between Comrade Xiaoping and Khrushchev.
He said to Comrade Xiaoping with a smile at that time"Khrushchev was very afraid of your stick (at that time, Comrade Xiaoping broke his leg and was unable to move, and he had to be on crutches wherever he went). ”
After the Moscow Conference, the Sino-Soviet contradictions were temporarily eased.
In October 1961, Khrushchev attacked Stalin and Albania again at the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which had just eased Sino-Soviet relations.
Comrade Xiaoping once again visited the Soviet Union to hold a debate with Khrushchev, which was the "Sino-Soviet Party Talks" that attracted worldwide attention, but in the end no progress was made.
On July 21, 1963, he led a delegation of the Communist Party of China back to Beijing, and was ceremoniously welcomed by Dong Biwu, heads of various departments and more than 5,000 people in the capital at the airport.
This is one of the very few times that he personally went to the airport to greet the return of a representative who went abroad, which shows that his old man has a positive attitude towards the achievements of his several visits to the Soviet Union.
For *** led a delegation to Moscow in 1963 for negotiations, ** later gave a high evaluation"What is total victory?" You have not reached any unprincipled agreement with the Soviet side, and this is a complete victory! ”
In an interview with the famous female journalist Farage in the early 80s of the 20 th century, Comrade Xiaoping recalled the story of his interaction with Khrushchev and the relevant details of several Moscow meetings and peace talks.
He believes that from the first Moscow talks in 1957 to the fierce controversy between China and the Soviet Union in the first half of the 60s of the 20th century, I was one of the parties involved in that controversy, and I played a non-trivial role.
When Farage asked *** whether he would be as critical as Khrushchev treated, Comrade Xiaoping immediately stood up and said solemnly"I'm going to tell you, we're never going to treat Stalin the way Khrushchev did***, please be sure to write this down."
I know Khrushchev very well, I personally have dealt with him for more than ten years, and it is stupid to compare me to Khrushchev! ”
In October 1964, while Khrushchev was on vacation in Crimea, he suddenly received a notice from Moscow: to return home to attend a meeting.
Immediately afterwards, Khrushchev was replaced by Brezhnev.
Khrushchev's later life could not be said to be very satisfying, except for writing memoirs, he tended to the garden, often hung a radio around his neck, and looked like a retired old worker.
In addition, Khrushchev was not very well evaluated, both within the USSR and in other countries.
Khrushchev did not dare to say that a leader had done this before, at least second to none.
To the Soviets, he was a sinner, and to socialism, a sinner in the socialist camp. Say in front of Stalin: you are the mentor of the world proletariat, as kind as a father; And after Stalin's death, he completely repudiated Stalin.
In "Seven Laws: Reading the Newspaper", ** pointed the finger directly at Khrushchev, and used "Lenin actually left his head behind", pointing directly at Khrushchev for leaving Marxism-Leninism behind;
used the method of "daring to test the mantis arm to the neighbor, just because he was a mad bee" to expose Khrushchev's arrogance and anti-China face of using the mantis arm as a car; The phrase "everyone says that the West is good, and only China is stupid" satirizes Khrushchev's blindly pro-Western stance.
Breaking down personal superstition and blind worship is social progress, and ideological emancipation is the forerunner of social change. But Khrushchev's total rejection of Stalin caused confusion and even a crisis of faith.
Viewing secret reports scientifically and dialectically is our party's consistent spirit of seeking truth from facts.