In a turbulent era, when the exploitation and injustice of capitalism sparked discontent and **, Vladimir Lenin came up with a political idea that came to be known as Leninism. This idea holds that in order to realize the ideals of communism, it is necessary to build a proletariat led by the revolutionary vanguard. This idea had a huge impact in Russia and laid the foundation for the establishment of the Soviet **.
Leninism faces many challenges and difficulties. First of all, within the socialist camp, Leninism was revised and supplemented as a development of Marxism on the basis of practice. Secondly, after the revolution, Leninism became the dominant ideology in Russia, but it also encountered pressure and opposition from the political opposition. The outbreak of internal and external wars cost the Soviets dearly, but also made the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics a reality.
Leninism has some peculiarities compared to other schools of Marxism. Lenin proposed"Democratic centralism"、"Vanguard Theory"and imperialism, he argues"Violent Revolution"with"Proletariat**"It is a necessary means to realize socialism. He was convinced that in an underdeveloped capitalist society, the proletariat could lead the revolution and build a socialist state. However, these views have also sparked disagreements and controversies with other factions.
In the international communist movement, about"How to seize power"with"How to govern the country"The issue has sparked significant disagreement. It has been argued that the proletarian party should take power through legitimate parliamentary struggle and retain the original democratic system. Lenin, on the other hand, believed that the pursuit of legitimate struggle would only turn the proletarian party into revisionism and would not really touch the foundations of the ruling class. He firmly believed that the proletariat could only seize power through violent revolution, and after taking power, it would implement the proletariat ** and protect the interests of the proletariat.
After inheriting the Soviet state power in 1928, Stalin faced great challenges. He worked to improve and develop Leninist ideas aimed at establishing an effective system of democratic centralism. However, some Western supporters of Marxism, a**ism, social democracy, liberalism, and conservatism believe that Leninism embodies violence, centralization, and disrespect for human rights, and brings disaster to humanity, and therefore deserves deep reflection.
In contrast, some classic Leninists and Trotskyists believe that Lenin's own ideas were actually more inclined to the proletarian system or to inner-party democracy and workers' democracy under the leadership of the people. This is fundamentally different from the Stalinist intra-party and highly centralized power.
As a revolutionary practice, Leninism was originally neither a formal philosophical system nor an independent political doctrine. It includes the development of orthodox Marxist political economy and is part of Lenin's interpretation of Marxism. At the beginning of the 20th century, Leninism was actually a synthesis of practical applications of the actual conditions of agrarian society.
As a term for political science,"(Leninism)."The term began to be widely used at the Fifteenth Congress of the Communist International in 1924. Around 1922, when Grigory Zinoviev used"(Leninism)."This word to denote"Vanguard Revolution"time,"(Leninism)."Officially became part of the terminology and theory of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Although in January 1923 the term was opposed by Lenin himself, it nevertheless entered the public vocabulary.
Stalin defined Leninism, he said:"Leninism is Marxism in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. To be precise, Leninism is the theory and tactics of the proletarian revolution, especially the theory and tactics of the proletariat. "In January 1926, he explained this definition in his essay "On Some Problems of Leninism".
Opponents argue that the practice of Leninism in the past has proven its infeasibility. The Leninist states (communist states) advocated public ownership and claimed that the working class as the ruling class was the ruling class against the bourgeoisie. However, then Stalinism led to the emergence of a bureaucracy, which led to inequality between social systems and groups of people. For example, in countries like Chinese mainland, there is still a huge gap between migrant workers and urban hukou, and there are obvious inequalities in the economy, welfare and social status of the two groups of people, resulting in serious social inequality.
However, orthodox Leninists believe that there is a serious difference between the Stalinist bureaucratic centralization and the Marxist-Leninist proletarian democracy and the proletariat**. At its core, Stalinism is characterized by centralization, decentralization, and the deprivation of democracy within the party, which is far from the original purpose of Leninism.
Lenin took to the stage. He profoundly understood that during the transition from capitalism to socialism, no matter how different the forms are, the essence of these forms must be the same - the proletariat. This is the key to the proletariat's seizure of power and the only way for them to achieve their socialist goals.
* The proletariat faces a great challenge. They are in a backward country, and they are at a disadvantage in terms of economy, science and technology, and civilization compared to the advanced capitalist countries. Although they have succeeded in building the proletariat, this does not mean that they have won the victory and built a completely socialist society.
In order to achieve the ultimate goal of socialism, the proletariat of the whole world needs to unite for a great world revolution. The strength of one country cannot accomplish this task, especially in the case of underdeveloped countries, and it is difficult for the proletariat to persist in an environment of backward productive forces. Therefore, the export revolution became a necessary means to maintain the power of the proletariat and realize the social and economic basis of socialism.
In order to achieve this, the proletariat needs to lead the revolution from the very beginning. Whether it is a democratic revolution or a socialist revolution, the relationship between them is inextricable. Initially, Lenin adhered to the theory of a two-stage revolution and was at odds with Trotsky, who supported the permanent revolution. However, after the fall of Tsarist Russia, Lenin changed his position, switched to the theory of permanent revolution and came to an agreement with Trotsky. He published the April Theses, which provided guidance for the complete emancipation of the proletariat.
The great revolutionary Lenin put forward an important idea: the establishment of an organization of professional revolutionaries. He believes that this organization will become the backbone of the party and the core of the party's leadership. Lenin emphasized: "The spontaneous struggle of the proletariat cannot be a real class struggle without the leadership of a strong organization of revolutionaries." He also proposed the party as "the highest form of class union of the proletarians."
This idea sparked profound change. The working class understands that only the party of the working class, the Communist Party, can unite, educate and organise the entire working masses as their vanguard. The Communist Party was able to resist the inevitable petty-bourgeois vacillation among the working masses and the tradition and evil Xi of the narrow-mindedness and prejudice of the guilds in the proletariat. The Communist Party is able to lead the proletariat politically and, through the proletariat, the entire working masses and lead them in all joint actions.
However, it is not enough to have an organization of revolutionaries. To achieve true leadership, the party needs to function through Soviet power. This is an important idea and principle of Lenin's "general leadership" or political leadership of the party. Lenin pointed out that all the political and economic work of state power should be led by the Communist Party, the vanguard of the consciousness of the working class.
The Communist Party became the ruling party, and its resolutions were obligatory for the whole republic. The task of the Communist Party is to exert a decisive influence and to assume full leadership in the various organizations of the working people. Especially in the present state organization of the Soviets, the Communist Party must strive to achieve its own program and rule.
Lenin made it clear that the proletariat was realized by the proletariat organized in the Soviets, which in turn was led by the Bolshevik Communist Party. The whole work of the Party is carried out through the Soviets, which unite the working masses. Therefore, in all Soviet and non-party organizations, party groups must be formed. The task of the caucus is to strengthen the influence of the Party on the non-Party masses in all aspects, to carry out the Party's policies, and to exercise Party supervision over the work of various organs and organizations.
According to Lenin, the task of organization is to select leaders and organizers from among the masses of the people. ** The Communist Party should carry out practical, daily selfless work in the Soviets, promote the most staunch and loyal members to the posts of all Soviet work, achieve absolute political dominance in the Soviets through this work, and exercise practical supervision over the entire work of the Soviets.
Lenin emphasized the party's leadership of cultural and literary work, and he believed that after the proletariat came to power, education should become the real cause of the party itself. He put forward the principle that literature should become party literature, contrary to bourgeois Xi, contrary to bourgeois literary nominalism and individualism. He stressed the importance of organization and planning, and held that newspapers, publishing houses, bookstores, and so on should become party organs in order to strengthen ideological and cultural leadership.
** Deeply influenced by Lenin in terms of ideology, he inherited and developed Lenin's ideas. Especially in terms of the cultural revolution, the idea of ** played a key role in the formation of New China's literary and artistic policy. He believed that literature must be combined with the interests of the working class and the working people as part of the whole cause of the proletarian movement. He criticized the hypocritical freedom of bourgeois artists and emphasized the importance of proletarian literature, which played a progressive role not only in the pursuit of art, but also in public life. Believe that art should be deeply rooted in the working masses, integrated with their emotions and thoughts, and raise their consciousness.
These ideas and principles laid the foundation for the Party's literature. The Party's literature is not just art for art's sake, but in the service of the proletarian movement and in order to promote the development of the socialist cause. It should go deep among the masses of the people, express their feelings and demands, guide their thinking and will, and promote social progress.
However, educating class consciousness and disseminating the party's literature was not an easy task. In the face of the powerful influence of bourgeois culture and the challenge of traditional ideological concepts, the party must face many difficulties and resistances. However, through firm leadership and strong organization, the party's literature was gradually able to play an important role in society. Through the party's organs, newspapers, publishing houses, bookstores, and other channels, the party's ideology has been disseminated and the party's ideology has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
With the passage of time, the party's leadership over culture and ideology has also been strengthened. The resolution on ideology and culture adopted at the 13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party in 1924 further strengthened the Party's leading position over culture. These resolutions provided guiding principles for the Party's cultural work and strengthened leadership over cultural ideology.
In Russia, the inheritance and development of culture has faced great challenges and difficulties. Lenin realized this and proposed a key solution. He stressed that the proletariat, as the protector of revolutionary democracy, should critically assimilate the cultural heritage of the past and creatively develop these traditions on the basis of proletarian interests. Lenin believed that socialist culture must be built on the culture of the past and stressed the importance of bringing all the culture left by capitalism into the construction of socialism. He emphasized that the culture of the proletariat can only be built by accurately understanding and relying on the cultural knowledge created by the development of humanity as a whole, and transforming it. Proletarian culture is not something imaginary, nor is it something invented by self-proclaimed experts in proletarian culture, it must be the natural result of the accumulation of human beings under the oppression of different societies.
According to Lenin, the preservation of the heritage does not mean limiting oneself to the heritage. Especially after the establishment of the proletariat, it is unacceptable to confine ourselves to mastering the old cultural heritage. Lenin saw this legacy as the starting point for the creation of a socialist culture, and he saw that the main task was to develop a new culture, art and literature on a new basis and in accordance with the interests of the proletariat. In the early days of the revolution, Lenin set forth the task of building a new culture to distinguish it from the old one in which they had not participated. Then, in 1919, Lenin wrote: "The task is in fact to win over to us those who have been educated by capitalism to oppose us. ”
In putting forward the idea of the Cultural Revolution, Lenin also formulated practical methods and means for its implementation, that is, the cultivation of cultural forces through the Soviet system. Lenin and Stalin developed a series of programmes to raise the cultural level of the working people in the urban and rural areas and in the border nationalities. At the end of 1920, the Committee of the Russian Communist Party (CPR)**, on the recommendation of Lenin, adopted a special letter discussing the "proletarian culture" and cultural and literary issues. The letter established Lenin's principle that, from the point of view of the Party, literature is part of the common cause of the proletariat and of the people as a whole. The letter advocated the creation of a true proletarian culture through action, that is, the creation of a culture and literature that was imbued with the spirit of the Party and in the interests of the working class and peasants. The policy adopted by the Soviets in the field of literature reflects the spirit of struggle for the party spirit of art, the close integration of art with the policies of the Communist Party, and the close integration of art with the interests of the working class and the broadest masses of the people. Lenin was against literature"Neutral", against a non-partisan position. ** Committee on About"Proletarian culture"In the letter it was emphasized that the party and the Soviets **"Independence"positions, the spread of sectarianism and isolation among the people, inevitably"Proletarian culture"into bourgeois culture.
Army education. 
In the long course of history, military education has always been an important topic. As Lenin put it: ". .The ruling class, the proletarians, if it wants and will rule, should prove it by its own military organization. Lenin was well aware that in order to achieve the goal of domination, both the ruling class and the proletarians needed to establish themselves through military organization. In order to establish discipline, system and organization in the front and rear, Lenin demanded strict and resolute means of struggle. He taught the Bolsheviks that every Soviet soldier should have the courage, steadfastness and loyalty to end the war victoriously. At the same time, Lenin demanded a merciless attack on the cowardly, panicked and fleeing elements.
Ethnic policy. Lenin advocated the establishment of socialist autonomous republics, autonomous prefectures, autonomous regions, and grass-roots self-governing organizations on the basis of the principle of voluntariness. He has unique views and policies on the handling of ethnic issues. He believes that different nationalities should treat each other as equals and fully respect the rights and interests and autonomy of all nationalities. Through the means of self-government, harmonious coexistence and common development among all ethnic groups will be realized.
According to Stalin's summary, Lenin made contributions in the process of developing Marxism mainly in the following six aspects:
1.Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism. At this stage, it is possible for socialism to triumph in individual capitalist countries.
2.The proletariat is the highest form of democracy in class society, representing the interests of the majority, as opposed to bourgeois democracy, which represents the interests of the minority.
3.It proves that under the conditions of being surrounded by imperialist countries, the proletariat can build a completely socialist society. Cooperatives are the most effective tool for transforming the smallholder economy and the peasant masses.
4.The proletariat not only plays an important role in the revolution against capitalism, but must also seize the leadership in the construction of socialism in the period of the proletariat.
5.The question of national colonies was an important part of the overthrow of imperialism and the global proletarian revolution.
6.The party is the highest form of proletarian organization, and the proletariat must be led by a communist party with iron discipline and should not be co-governed with other political parties.