1. United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom has faced the challenge of falling apart in recent years, with Scotland and Northern Ireland repeatedly calling for independence referendums. At the same time, Wales also began to explore the possibility of creating an autonomous state. The once most powerful "empire on which the sun never sets" is in turmoil.
2. Spain.
Spain, located in southwestern Europe, is a country made up of autonomous regions. There is a degree of autonomy almost everywhere in the country.
Catalonia is one of the richest and most industrialized regions in Spain, as well as one of the regions with the strongest desire for independence. The Basque Country is located in the north, and independence sentiment in the region remains very strong despite the dissolution of the Basque separatist group ETA in 2018.
3. Ukraine.
Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe, and under the influence of political factors and ethnic strife, the two eastern oblasts of Donetsk and Luhansk held referendums as early as 2014 to establish a republic. At present, Kherson, Zaporizhzhia and other oblasts in the eastern region of Ukraine have also held referendums on independence.
4. Serbia.
Kosovo, an autonomous province of Serbia, unilaterally declared independence in February 2008. However, Serbia has always maintained its position of sovereignty over Kosovo. Although this independence was recognized by 108 countries, including the United States, 90 countries, including Serbia, Russia and China, refused to recognize their independent status. Therefore, the question of Kosovo has been an unresolved issue.
5. Moldova.
After Moldova broke away from the former Soviet Union, an autonomous region with separatist tendencies emerged in the country, known as the "Transnistrian Republic". This region, often referred to as the "Dzho", as an industrial area of Moldova, has been expressing the desire for separation for many years. In 1992, a conflict even broke out between the two sides, and the Moldovan army was finally defeated and had to recognize the autonomous status of the "German left". Today, the "German Left" not only has its own **bank and currency, but also has an independent ** and parliament. Most residents hold multiple citizenships of Moldova, Transnistria and Russia.
6. Belgium.
Belgium, one of the richest countries in Europe, has always had a deep conflict between the Flemish region in the north and the Walloon region in the south. Following a major constitutional amendment in 2012, Belgium** divided the two regions into autonomous regions, and politically, the number of cabinet ministers in the two regions was almost equal. Although the North and the South are thorns in each other's side, the current state of affairs is still a friendly but mutually hostile one.
7. Cyprus.
On the island of Cyprus, ethnic and religious tensions between the Greeks and Turks have long existed. In 1974, ethnic Greeks staged a military coup d'état that seized power in Cyprus and attempted to annex it to Greece. Five days later, however, Turkish troops intervened and quickly occupied the Turkish-populated area in the northern part of the island. With the support of Turkey, the northern region proclaimed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", and to this day, including the capital Nicosia, Cyprus is still a north-south country.
8. Tajikistan.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan has been mired in an ongoing civil war. Initially there was a fierce confrontation between the secular and the old-fashioned for the capital city of Dushanbe. Subsequently, the two sides used the western states and the Badakhshan Mountains in the east as their respective strongholds, and went back and forth between the battlefield and the negotiating table.
9. Myanmar. Myanmar is a multi-ethnic country with a whopping 135 different ethnic groups. However, the policy of "Greater Burmeseism" has led to deep contradictions among various ethnic groups. There are many ethnic armed factions in the country, with 25 openly acknowledged armed groups alone, and countless other smaller armed groups. At present, Myanmar** effectively controls only six provinces in the southwest.
10. Yemen.
Yemen was formed by the merger of the north and the south, but this merger did not lead to long-term national unity. The Houthis in the northwest are Shiite groups with more than 100,000 people and a wide range of heavy and light **, missiles and drones. The militant has established considerable control in North Yemen and seized control of Yemen's capital, Sana'a, in 2014.
11. Palestine.
At present, the state of Palestine is broadly divided into two camps. On the one hand, there is Fatah, who supports Israel in the West Bank, and on the other hand, other armed groups such as Hamas, which controls the Gaza Strip and opposes Israel.
12. Iraq.
Since the fall of Saddam, Iraq has been in the midst of inter-factional conflicts. At present, the three largest forces in the country are the Iraqi Unity Alliance, which is Shia Muslims (60 percent of the population), the Progressive Alliance of Sunni Muslims (18 percent of the population), and the Kurds (15 percent of the population), who have been seeking independence. Shiites are predominantly inhabited in the Mesopotamian plains in the east and south, Sunnis are concentrated in the Arabian Plateau in the central and western regions, and Kurds occupy the mountainous forests in the north. The strength of these three forces is equal, showing an obvious three-legged trend.
13. Syria.
Syria's civil war, which began in 2011, has almost torn the entire country apart. After 12 years of war, the Syrian army has basically controlled most of the country. However, there are still several opposing forces. These include Kurdish autonomy** in the northeast, Tahrir al-Sham in the northwest, the Turkish-backed Syrian Provisional **, and Jordanian-backed revolutionary commandos in the southeast. These forces are still fighting against **.
14. Georgia.
At present, there are two ** forces in the north of the country, one is the Republic of Abkhazia, which is supported by Russia, and the other is the Republic of South Ossetia.
15. Libya.
After the fall of Muammar Gaddafi's regime in 2011, the country descended into chaos, and in 2014 it was a confrontation between the East and the West. On the one hand, there is the United Nations-recognized national unity**, which controls the western region;On the other hand, the National Congress allied with the National Army, which mainly controls the eastern and central regions, and is supported by Egypt, Russia, and other countries.
16. Nigeria.
Nigeria's leading country in West Africa has been plagued by turmoil due to ethnic and religious tensions. The southeastern part of the country, which is home to about 50% of the country's total population, is also a hotspot for local forces such as Boko Haram and IPOB. These groups are leading a campaign to achieve complete secession of the region from Nigeria and the creation of an independent Islamic state.
17. Somalia.
Somalia remains one of the most chaotic countries in the world, teeming with multiple warlords. Broadly speaking, the country can be divided into three major forces: first, the Somali Federation**, which has the largest territory and enjoys the allegiance of most warlords;This is followed by Somaliland, which declared independence in 1991 and occupies the northern part of the country, although it is not recognized by the international communityFinally, there is Al-Shabaab, which is located in southern Somalia. Each of these three forces has its own place within Somalia.
18. Ethiopia.
The country, known as the "Little China of Africa", has long been under the control of the Tigray People's Liberation Front in its northernmost region. For many years, the local ** tried to suppress this power, but the region remained in a state similar to that of an independent kingdom.
19. Senegal.
Since 1982, the Casamance region of southern Senegal has been pursuing independence. At present, clashes are still taking place between the "Mouvement démocratique de Casamance" and the ** army.
20. Tanzania.
Tanzania was formed by the merger of Zanzibar and Tanganyika, but the "married" life in both places was not satisfactory. The Zanzibar region is located on the eastern coast, with superior geographical conditions and abundant underground resources, and has great development potentialTanganyika, on the other hand, is mainly agricultural, more like a "poor boy" with a relatively backward economy. Religious differences are also a major reason for the difficulty of integration. 32% of the population of Tanganyika is Catholic and 30% Muslim, while Zanzibar is almost universally IslamicThis difference in beliefs, as well as the uneven economic development, put the "couple" who merged in 1964 at risk of separation.
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