Ancient European History: Exploration of Baltic Sea Transportation Modes and Navigation Techniques
Although the river was already a well-established ** route at the time, it was also said to have been targeted by greedy feudal lords, who also set up toll booths on the river. Toll booths were often set up in places where navigation conditions were more difficult, and in the 14th century there were 74 such barriers on the Loire alone, 70 on the Garonne and 60 on the Rhône and Saône. There are 13 on the Rhine from Mainz to Cologne.
In addition to the toll booths, there are also disgusting"Shipwreck Law"According to the law, feudal lords would confiscate the cargo of a ship in distress or even deliberately crash the ship to sink it.
This often occurred on rivers and on the high seas with rugged terrain, and continued in Western Europe until the 14th century. In the 19th century, the popularity of the compass on seagoing vessels meant that sailors had to look up at the stars at night to determine their direction, and improvements in navigation techniques reduced the likelihood of shipwrecks, provided routes into deeper waters, and expanded sailing opportunities, as previous voyages were limited to inland routes where weather and sailing conditions were more restricted, and deeper waters where weather and sailing conditions were more restricted. Deep-sea voyages are faster, shorter voyages are available, and larger vessels can be used to carry more cargo.
Maritime ** network in Northeast Europe.
The establishment of the Hanseatic League strengthened commercial activity in northern Germany and protected the interests of merchants. The Hanseatic League also witnessed the development of ** infrastructure, especially in the use of ships, as medieval rivers, moats and ports were turned into waterways. The Hanseatic League's most important contribution to maritime transport was the construction of the Gleiden Canal between 1390 and 1398, connecting the Trave and Elbe rivers;In 1459, the River Oc was dredged in Braunschweig, opening up a waterway from Braunschweig to Bremen.
At sea, the Hanseatic League established the Baltic route from the mouth of the Neva to Lübeck, connecting the ports of all the countries bordering the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is located inland in northeastern Europe and is connected to the North Atlantic Ocean to the west via the Sunda Strait. With an average depth of 55 meters, the Baltic Sea is the lowest salinity in the world. The Baltic Sea is at a higher latitude, with its southernmost point at about 54 degrees north latitude, so the ice period in early winter is longer. The main route of the Hanseatic League in the Baltic Sea was from Lübeck to the Gulf of Finland via Rügen, Öland and Gotland, then through the central Gulf of Finland to the mouth of the Neva River, and then down the Neva River to Lake Ladoga. Erland and Gotland are the ports of the Hanseatic Agency, while Gdansk, Tallinn and Riga are the Union cities that perform the functions of the first on the main routes of the same Union.
The Baltic Sea is not navigable in winter, except in the middle of the ocean, when the main ports are frozen, so ships usually call at smaller ports near the middle of the ocean in the winter and then transport goods along the Baltic coast to Novgorod by sled. The northern part of the Baltic Way coincides with the legendary Amber Road, where people transport goods in the winter snow with sleds drawn by reindeer, horses and dogs.
Sledding is an ancient means of transport that has been transformed into an amusement park in modern times, but it is still used by people living in high latitudes within the Arctic Circle. Along the Baltic coast, sledding stretches from Gdansk to Pskov in the Novgorod region. Located 180 km southwest of Novgorod, Pskov is connected to the Baltic Gulf of Finland by Lake Pskov and is one of the main thoroughfares to Novgorod in winter. Although Pskov is not as important as Novgorod, it is an important entry point and commercial center for Kiev and the Russian interior.
Eastern Europe is the source of raw materials for Western Europe.
The Baltic Sea region is rich in various minerals and annual cereals, making the Baltic Sea route a central route for the transportation of large quantities of goods. During this period, the Hanseatic League was unique"kirker"It has also undergone a metamorphosis, and after being manufactured using the stacking method, it has a maximum load capacity of 200 tons. In 1962, a Kirk ship built in the 80s of the 19th century with a captain of 23 was discovered in West Germany5 meters, width 62 meters, draft 35 meters, keel length 156 meters, lifting capacity of 130 tons, using the waterline stacking method. The waterline is made up of stacks.
In the 14th century, the Mediterranean region of Italy adopted the shipbuilding method of straight grooves and studs, producing the revolutionary Kierke cargo sailing ship, which ranged in length from 15 to 25 meters, then 30 meters, with a beam of 8 meters, a draft of 3 meters, and a deadweight of 300 tons, with the largest Quirk sailing ship reaching 480 tons. The Allies staffed these ships with sailors, one sailor for every 10-ton ship. Not counting fighters, there are up to 45 sailors per ship.
Allied ships had a longer range, but they also had to deal with the threat of piracy in the North Atlantic. On the route from Lübeck to Bruges and Bergen, the Allied ships were mostly armed merchant ships or long-range battleships armed with archers, long-range artillery and even artillery. There were a total of 60 sailors and fighters on the 240-ton armed merchant ship. The stern building is used to store ** and equipment, and to defend against pirate attacks.
In 1386, Lübeck and Hamburg registered 846 and 598 Kierke merchant ships, respectively. Ships registered in Lübeck sail mainly to Bergen and Novgorod, while ships registered in Hamburg sail to the North Atlantic, connecting Bergen with London and Bruges.
Sailors are trained through word of mouth and apprenticeships.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Germany published the Lower Germanic Navigation Handbook, a compilation of navigational techniques handed down by Hanseatic seafarers by word of mouth, which pointed out the dangers at sea, supplemented navigation aids in the form of charts, reduced navigation risks, and determined navigation routes. After the 15th century, all ships heading to the Baltic had to rely on charts provided by the Hanseatic League. After the 15th century, all ships heading to the Baltic had to rely on charts provided by the Hanseatic League.