Anthology of Qing Officials: The importance of the status of the Ministry is self-evident**.
Why is it self-evident that the importance of the selection and management of the Criminal Department is self-evident?The History of the Ming Dynasty has a very detailed description of the functions of the Criminal Department: the Election Department is responsible for the promotion of civil officials and the reappointment of the imperial examination for the benefit of Shanghai. The nineteenth rank civil official is eighteen, and this position is advantageous. But they are not as good as Jiupin. Where to choose, there are years **, there are urgent elections, there are distant elections, there are years of tax selection, there are intermediate selections, and there are mourning selections. The choice of the Xiandu, the flow of its books, the rank of its rank, its scattering, etc., and the order of its tune.
If there is a matter, there will be a lack of people, and to the level of dissatisfaction, it is said to be pushed up. One shift pushes one person, and one person pushes two. The third class, Jiuqing, Yushi and above, wine, two or three people pushed by the court officials. The cabinet, the ministers, the military ministers, and the palace push two people. Where the king's officials are not reconciled, the king's marriage is not abolished, the minister's house is not in charge, and the bureaucrats are of the same clan, as they are, in order to avoid the top.
If the foreign minister does not have land, he will be complicated. Those who are promoted or asked to be promoted, quasi-play. To transfer, to consider the actual qualifications, to open and concurrently relevant pickets, to demote, to recommend, to promote, to be ambassador to Geneva, to be the same as the same Lu, to add repatriation, demotion, removal of the name of the criminal management, formal consideration of the procedures of official governance, without knowing the rights and wrongs of human nature. The rank of the official of the department is the rank of the official of the department, and the level of the promotion and change of the supervisor is clarified.
The civil official rank of the Ming Dynasty was divided into nine grades, each of which was divided into two grades, a total of eighteen grades, and in addition, the rank below nine grades was not included in the stream officials.
In the early years of Hongzhi, An Lu Sun Jiyu promoted Wen Xuanlang at home and abroad"Residence Department for 14 years, more inspirational tube wells", Wang Xuekui, a native of Anfu during the Zhengde period"All reviewed the Ministry of Industry", Wen Xuan Langzhong"It is called incorruptible and diligent", Jiajing twenty-one years (1542), Ningxiang Wang and Sui Xuanlang Agency,"Cheng made a recommendation, and the old man was silent"。
In addition, the more famous Chenghua nine years (1473), Huang Kongzhao in the election department, although he opened the door to admit customers, recommended talents, but conscientious, not favoritism, strictly abide by the function of the election department"Talent visits", in the book of the book. In addition to the officials, the use of subordinate talents is also divided into high and low, and the terrain is complex"Even if the officials admired Yin Min's selflessness and integrity to the ground, and had a special appeal to Yin Min's deceased, but was vetoed by Huang Kongzhao, Yin Min had no choice but to sigh:"Huang Jun is not far from Cao Quan, you can't move"。
Huang Kongzhao is the same age as Sun Jiao and Wang Xuekui, they are also honest and honest people, and they will never do Cao Quan's work in vain because of their personal feelings. The special task of the selection department is to elect officials, promote them, and change the lead singer.
In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the selection of civil officials in the virtuous and square, intelligent and upright, filial piety and etiquette, filial piety and honesty, etc., through the local selection and selection of talents were recommended, but a series of recommended disadvantages are mostly nepotism, so it is urgent to improve the law of dispersal and standardize it, so the path of selection and recommendation is gradually abandoned, and the review of the imperial examination occupies the mainstream.
In the selection of subjects by the people, there were clear regulations in the Ming Dynasty, which is what we often say"Use all three"，"Jinshi, lifting, all elect outsiders, there are officials, students are the majority, the selection of people, there are inspectors, Confucianism, Chengzhang, they through the sound of the law, the book, the printing, the translation, through the streams"。Academicians are all the ways, the tributes are the ways, the officials are the ways, and the so-called three ways are also"。
There are three ways to select, and the recommended person is selected and promoted to the corresponding official position after hearing about it, among which Jinshi is mainly selected as the director of the ** six departments, the middle book, the pedestrian, the commentator, the doctor, and the foreign official. Zhizhou, Tuiguan, Zhixian, Juren, and Gongsheng mainly serve as foreign officials, magistrates and school officials, chief officials of the five and six departments of Beijing officials, secretary general, celebrant supervisor, Taichang, Tianguang, and Zhan Shifu's subordinate officials, and mainly select the chief officials of the three divisions of Ying'er, Zhizhou, Zhixian, Liangjing, and according to the inspection of the three divisions. The five officials of the prefect, the secretary-general, the secretary and the superintendent, the Taichang Siqing, the Guanglu Siqing, and the Zhan Shifu are mainly selected by the students in the prefecture, and the prefectures, counties, and the political envoys of the prefecture, province, capital, and cloth are selected and appointed according to the three divisions. and the government, foreign guards, directors of the salt transportation department, Chinese and foreign positions, non-flow officials, officials and other poor candidates.
The envoys of the Ming Dynasty had to conduct election and study taxes every year, including the annual six examinations, six elections, general elections, special elections and non-local elections, as well as timely elections, abolished elections, etc., among which the general election and special election belong to the regular election, and it is also the most important way to choose people. The permanent election is once every two months, and the non-permanent election is once a month, and the permanent election is mainly for civil servants who are elected (i.e., first-time **) and promoted to the main rank and transferred, and the non-permanent election is for civil servants who are temporarily transferred, changed, cared for and waiting.
For private schools, the selection of long-term selection, the selection of teachers, and the selection of abolished beggars for three years, and the selection of medium-term, medium-sized, teacher-elected, and abolished beggars are held irregularly. The promotion and transfer of civil servants generally have to pass the all-staff examination, which is the examination period for civil servants, which is one examination in three years, re-examination in six years, and one examination in nine years. However, when the state needs to replenish personnel, and the promoted ** does not pass the exam, it must be promoted. Promotions include the court examination and the general examination. The court examination is mainly aimed at civil officials of the third grade and above, but the important ** below the third grade, such as the cabinet minister, the commander, the sacrificial wine, etc., also need to be examined, and the court examination is presided over by the secretary of the criminal department, and solicits the opinions of other **, also known as"Will try"。
Among them, it is argued"One shift pushes one person, and one person pushes two. "。More than three shifts, Jiuqing, all command envoys, and push two people in the palace. Cabinet ministers and above, officials worship the military department, five grades and above nine Qing doctors, two, three or four people will be in the same way as Kedao Tingbi", and finally left it to the emperor's discretion. The Imperial Historical Observatory also approved the promotion of internal and external civil officials, up to the four Shangshu.
Normally, the promotion of civil officials, even if appointed by decree of the emperor, had to go through the Imperial Historical Observatory, and the report must also be signed by the Imperial Historical Observatory. But many times it does not go through the Ministry of Officials, but the Ministry of Officials, and the Ministry of Officials can recommend a certain ability of **, but many times, not only the authority of the Ministry of Literature and Anthology has been exceeded, but also caused a large number of unnecessary ** in the Ming Dynasty, resulting in"Armament is great"。
During the Hongzhi period, Tu Jiu, the secretary of the Criminal Department, said that Zhu Yousong of the clan said:"Recently, there are more than 790 people in the crown belt, and the civil officials and the former have been promoted by the division and transfer department, which is called the addition of military equipment"。Whether it is a minister who preaches the way, a secretary of the division and other non-eunuchs, the grace is lenient and forgiving. The abuse of fame, the examination of prostitutes, will never be the source, and the blessing will be turned into the whole. "
Therefore, filial piety is not accepted by Zongzhu by the procuratorate. Although Zong Zhu Gaochi's filial piety greatly corrected the tendency of the officialdom channel to reform itself with all its might at the beginning of his succession, it did not cut off the way back, because the Shangshu Tuling of the Criminal Department also turned a deaf ear to Shangshu. Although the election of this official has its own specific background and reasons, it undermines the legitimate authority of the election of officials. In addition, the election law has also caused some damage to the authority of the elected officials. The Election Law initially made it difficult for the Ministry of Officials to comprehensively select and enrich talents, such as"In the first year of Yongle (1403), the internal and external civil officials were divided, and the Shen Department stagnated"。Where the bureaucracy dwells,"In the third year of Jingtai (1452), the edict civil officials were expelled without the crime of stolen goods, and those who can use their talents and learning should listen to them in Beijing and listen to them except for the four or more officials, and the officials of Fu according to the border and the prefectures and counties"。
This practice was carried out irregularly in the Ming Dynasty, and it was often the Ming Dynasty that repaired the plank road and darkened the warehouse. However, it often becomes a way to bribe** and install cronies, resulting in unfair elections. The provincial department is also responsible for the transfer and transfer of **, in particular'The imperial officials are not adjusted, the imperial marriage is not granted, and in addition to the Si family, the Lu Division is subordinate to the bureaucrats of the same clan to avoid the above. If the foreign officials do not agree, they will be used'Drink and exchange'for the principle. The most important of these are the following.
First, internal and external *** should avoid relatives. This provision appeared in the first year of Hongwu (1368)."In the first year of Hongwu, the father, brother, uncle, uncle, uncle, brother, brother, son, and nephew of the Taoist officials of the Liangjing Hall were transferred to the next class"，"and those who have a background in the administration of the internal and external yamen, fathers and sons, brothers, uncles and nephews avoid them"。
Lu Jing, the prefect of Fuzhou, pointed out that the Ming Dynasty was extremely taboo to marry in the yamen, and it was forbidden for relatives to act as passers-by in the Lu Division. At the same time, fathers, sons, brothers, uncles and nephews who were officials in the court were also excluded by the younger generations. Due to the avoidance of relatives, it was very rare for the same clan to be an official in the Ming Dynasty, so it was difficult to form a close group through blood relations.
Secondly, foreign officials are passed down from one to another, and there is a difference between complexity and simplicity. This embodies the principle of making the best use of talents, selectively replacing those who are more senior but remote in location, not strong in ability but complex in position, and leaving those places that are not manageable to be used for the time being. Generally speaking, the main body of the reorganization of Beijing officials is to prevent the formation of interest groups in accordance with the law, and the purpose of the local reorganization is to effectively strengthen the construction of local political power, both of which are to better maintain the stability of the political situation in the Ming Dynasty.