India began to try to develop nuclear ** in the 70s of the last century, and did not have nuclear ** in the 90s of the last century. India, Pakistan and Israel are not signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which means that they are not obliged to ensure the non-proliferation of nuclear technology. Therefore, from a legal point of view, their attempt to develop nuclear ** is illegal. This is a line that will be considered illegal to any country that develops nuclear weapons after the signing of the Treaty.
The sixties and seventies, when the treaty was established, established the line between what is legal and what is illegal.
The proliferation of nuclear technology is regulated as illegal. Under the Treaty, signatories have a responsibility to ensure the non-proliferation of nuclear technology. Those who do not comply with the treaty and engage in nuclear research and development are considered illegal.
According to the United Nations, India conducted its first nuclear test in the 70s of the last century, indicating that India had the intention of developing nuclear ** long ago. Then, in the 90s of the last century, India managed to acquire nuclear **.
Therefore, India did not possess nuclear power in the 90s of the last century, but had already taken steps towards the development of nuclear technology before that.
The traditional five legal possession of nuclear weapons appeared in 1945, when the United States was the first to master nuclear weapons and used them for the first and only time. Then, the Soviet Union quickly became the second country to possess nuclear weapons. Immediately afterwards, Britain and France became nuclear states in the 50s of the last century.
Then in 1964, our country successfully launched the first atomic bomb, and then officially became a country that legally possessed nuclear weapons. In 1998, India conducted two underground nuclear tests in May. Subsequently, in less than two weeks, Pakistan also conducted two underground nuclear tests, with remarkable speed. But in reality, Israel is the sixth country.
Because as early as the 50s of the last century, Israel launched its own nuclear ** research and development program, and in the 60s it entered the substantive stage of research and development.
Despite this, Israel has not publicly announced its nuclear program.
In addition, Israel has not conducted any overt nuclear tests. However, it is widely believed in the international community that in the last century, Israel conducted a secret nuclear test (it is also said that it was carried out by South Africa) in the waters off the border between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans.
Of course, Israel has not recognized this all along. Therefore, Israel's identity has been in a state of ambiguity on the question of whether it has nuclear weapons.
In 1982, South Africa possessed a nuclear **, but public records show that the country has not conducted a nuclear test. As a result, there has been speculation for many years about secret nuclear tests at sea by South Africa and Israel.
However, by the end of the 80s, South Africa renounced its nuclear power and dismantled all nuclear facilities in 1991. In this way, South Africa became the first country to possess and publicly renounce nuclear **.
In the 21st century, North Korea began to develop and possess nuclear weapons. In the 80s, North Korea was a signatory, but withdrew in 2003 and conducted a series of nuclear tests.
In addition to the above-mentioned countries, there was the special situation of the USSR. In the 80s of the last century, Ukraine and Kazakhstan also had nuclear **, but in essence they were only the successors of the Soviet nuclear **. In the 90s of the last century, both Ukraine and Kazakhstan abandoned nuclear **, and nuclear test sites in Kazakhstan were closed.
Taken together, in addition to the five legitimate countries, other countries that have taken the initiative to develop and possess nuclear weapons include Israel, South Africa, India, Pakistan and North Korea.
However, since South Africa has renounced nuclear ** and Israel does not recognize nuclear **, in addition to these five countries, the remaining India, Pakistan and North Korea are nuclear ** possessors with no legal effect.
So have these countries ever been sanctioned?
Many people have the impression that except for North Korea, which has been on the sanctions list for many years, no other country seems to have been sanctioned. On the issue of Pakistan's nuclear development, the early acts of interdiction were symbolic. In the 80s of the last century, the Americans also wanted to use Pakistan against the Soviets who invaded Afghanistan. And the small actions carried out by Pakistan in private, the early intervention of the Americans was not much. Kadir Khan admitted years later that he had been in contact with partners from several countries while working in the Netherlands, thus laying the groundwork for Pakistan's later access to sensitive materials for nuclear technology.
He was later publicly wanted by the Dutch side, claiming that he had stolen confidential information. Kadir Khan was hired by a Dutch company and had access to a large amount of technical information, which laid the foundation for later nuclear weapons development. Pakistan has also begun to recruit its elite technical elites who have studied abroad to return to China, including Abdul Qadir Khan, the country's future father of nuclear weapons.
Pakistan and India are feuding, and when India took the lead in nuclear testing, Pakistan began to search the world for plutonium and highly enriched uranium, two materials that are the key barriers to entry into a nuclear state. According to the diplomatic cables released by the United States in the seventies and eighties of the last century in 2011, the Americans did not want Pakistan to obtain nuclear weapons earlier, and they also united many Western allies to block it. However, over the years, many countries have blamed the United States for its blind indulgence, which led to Pakistan's possession of nuclear weapons.
Similarly, on the road to mastering nuclear technology, Pakistan has also encountered various pressures from the outside world. As in India's case, Pakistan has been sanctioned to varying degrees, including the suspension of loans, the ban on technical support, and the imposition of sanctions on individuals. By the 90s, after Pakistan conducted another nuclear test, 14 countries imposed sanctions on it. Canada took the lead in imposing sanctions on India, banning the support of related technology and equipment, which has affected Pakistan's nuclear resources a lot.
However, in terms of their effectiveness, these sanctions do not have a particularly obvious effect. Unusually, in 2009, Qadir Khan and other Pakistanis were placed on a U.S. embargoed list, accusing them of posing a serious threat to international security by supplying nuclear equipment and technology to countries such as Iran, North Korea, and Libya. But by the end of the '80s, Kadir had already said that they were already proficient in nuclear weapons manufacturing technology, even better than their neighbors, leading to the reluctance of US sanctions to be reluctantly rejected.
Based on the examples of India and Qadir Khan, it can be seen that the development of nuclear weapons does need to face the reality of sanctions, but whether these sanctions are really effective is another matter. In the case of this technology intertwined with human life, nuclear ** has been given the level of law to regulate and manage because of its unrivaled attack power. Indeed, the countries that possess nuclear ** and their technological development cannot but be illuminated by the shining light of the law.
Although today's popular perception of the killing radius of nuclear ** is probably due to entertainment culture, we cannot deny the destructiveness of nuclear **. Therefore, in order to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, major countries can only use various means to prevent the reverse transmission and loss of technology. The point, however, is that once a country has mastered nuclear technology, it will be difficult for subsequent sanctions to take effect. North Korea, for example, has mastered the technology to build nuclear weapons, despite the difficulties it faces in the face of nuclear sanctions on a global scale.
On the other hand, sanctions and blocks, if implemented, make it much more difficult for other countries to acquire nuclear technology. Since the 70s of the last century, Iran, South Korea, Brazil, Libya, Iraq and other countries have wanted to move towards the ranks of nuclear ***. However, under great pressure and discouragement, some countries have not succeeded in implementing their plans, and some countries have had to terminate them even if they have been implemented.
So, sanctions will work as long as they are willing to be implemented. It's all about actually executing and who is going to do it. It is worth noting that some of the sanctions against other countries for developing nuclear ** are not even authorized by the United Nations, and some are only privately agreed between the United States and other countries. Since it has no effect, is it not observed?itself also said the past. For this reason, some people ridicule the "illegal possession of nuclear **" as a joke.
There has always been the favoritism and backing of the United States behind it. Not to mention a country like Israel, which is in an ambiguous zone, each country has its own ideas and wills. Whether or not to push for sanctions, in this case, there is no enforceable effect. The existence of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is merely jurisprudence as can be seen from this.
Epilogue. But legal order should be shouted. Although there is no substantive binding force around sanctions and treaties, the opposite is true.
Now, even if the authority of the United Nations is no longer sufficient, at least the five major powers are holding up the scene, and the world order can be maintained as best as possible. Although there was a League of Nations similar to the United Nations at that time, wasn't that exactly the case in the First and Second World Wars in history? The current world order, in particular, is developed on the basis of which, as long as there are major powers maintaining order, no matter how ineffective it is, it can play a certain role.
Just imagine, if the research and development of nuclear ** were completely liberalized, it may have been destroyed long ago.
Its international status will not change because it has a nuclear **, and it will not be washed away, even if a country like India has the technology.
Because in the final analysis, the existing legal order is still valid. The very existence of the five great powers is the very existence of the existing international order. Returning to the issue of nuclear **, netizens do not have to think about the legality or illegality of nuclear **, they should think that their own country is the maker of this set of rules.