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The frustration of the policy of Great Russification: a brief reunification provokes pluralistic resistance.
At the end of the Russian Empire, the policy of Great Russification was implemented not to achieve the desired goal of unifying the empire and assimilating non-Russians, but instead accelerated the awakening of various ethnic minorities and triggered a wave of imperial reform and reform.
Poland Resists the Storm: The Miracle of Cultural Secret Education.
After the defeat of the second national uprising in Poland in 1863, Tsarist Russia adopted severe punitive measures and a policy of Great Russification. However, the Polish people skillfully took secret measures and succeeded in preserving Polish culture and the Polish language through the clandestine printing and smuggling of books in Polish. By 1901, one-third of the population of the entire Kingdom of Poland had received a secret Polish education, setting the stage for later social and nationalist movements.
Social Movements and the Rise of Nationalism: The Awakening of Poland.
The intensification of the policy of Great Russification led to the rise of Polish social movements and nationalist movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1882, Poland ushered in the first proletarian party, which was reorganized into the Polish Socialist Party in 1892, and its underground organ, the Workers' Daily, was published. The social movements of early Poland were distinctly nationalistic, working for Polish independence and the restoration of the borders. The groups constantly organized national and workers' movements to lay the foundations for the independence of the Polish state.
Confrontation in the Baltics: Germans, Latvians, Estonians hold out.
In the three Baltic provinces, Germans, Latvians and Estonians actively resisted the policy of Great Russification. The Germans protected German culture by closing schools and establishing secret home teaching circles. The policy of Russification had a negative impact on the Latvian and Estonian languages and cultures, but the local people actively passed on their own language and culture and strengthened their national sentiments through activities such as the Song Festival.
Finland's independence movement: from ** to means of terror.
In Finland, the policy of Great Russification stimulated nationalist sentiments and gave rise to national independence movements. Terror reached its peak in 1904 when Finnish nationalists assassinated the Governor-General of Finland, who was actively pursuing a policy of Great Russification. Although some plans for the uprising were cancelled, Finland's national independence movement did not disappear and was actively preparing for the later independence movement.
Cultural resistance in Ukraine: from "Gromarda" to national independence movements.
Ukraine was one of the first regions where the policy of Great Russification was implemented. Despite the ban on Gromada in 1863, in the 80s and 90s of the 19th century, Ukrainian intellectuals were actively engaged in the study and dissemination of Ukrainian culture and history. They secretly established the "Old Gromada Society" in Kiev to establish contacts with Western Ukrainians under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, laying the foundation for the spread of Ukrainian language and culture. Although the Gromomada group was repeatedly banned under the suppression of the Tsar, cultural resistance in Ukraine continued in the early 20th century.
The marginal revolt of the policy of Great Russification: the Caucasus, Central Asia.
Outside the Baltic region, such as the Caucasus, Central Asia, etc., the policy of Great Russification was also resisted. In 1905, the Caucasus sent a letter to Tsarist Russia asking for a series of demands, including equal rights, free access to education, publication of books in their mother tongue, and local self-government. Ethnic representatives in Georgia, Armenia and elsewhere made similar demands, demanding the return of church property. In Central Asia, the neglect of local ethnic and religious interests led to a number of nationalist movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which shook the foundations of Tsarist rule in the region.
The intensification of contradictions led to the disintegration of the empire: the national independence movement of 1917.
The policy of Great Russification intensified the internal contradictions of the empire, and after the outbreak of the perestroika in February 1917, national independence movements emerged in the border regions of the former Russian Empire. After the Bolsheviks seized power, in order to ease the contradictions, they decided to adopt a relatively soft national policy for non-Russian nationalities, which was different from the policy of Great Russification, in order to win trust and stabilize their rule.
Conclusion: The historical journey from Great Russification to pluralistic coexistence.
The policy of Great Russification stimulated the resistance and awakening of the minorities to a certain extent, which eventually became the fuse for the disintegration of the empire. History teaches us that multicultural coexistence and respect are the key to building a stable society, and the failure of the policy of Great Russification is also a testament to this.
The policy of Great Russification, implemented at the end of the Russian Empire, and the resistance and revolt of various ethnic minorities provoked by this policy are described in detail above. In this historical period, the implementation of the policy of Great Russification did not achieve its desired goals, but instead provoked contradictions within the Russian Empire, which led to the outbreak of ** and reform movements.
First of all, Poland is a striking example. Despite the severe punitive measures and Great Russification policy adopted by Tsarist Russia after the failure of the Second National Uprising in Poland, the Polish people succeeded in preserving Polish culture and language through secret means. They insisted on organizing underground educational activities to protect Polish identity, and eventually cultivated a Polish society with a strong national consciousness.
In the Baltics, Germans, Latvians and Estonians actively resisted the policy of Great Russification. By closing schools and establishing secret home school circles, they have succeeded in preserving their culture and strengthening their national identity. This rebellion reflects the strong demand of ethnic minorities for cultural inheritance and their adherence to their own identity.
Finland, for its part, demonstrated its resolute opposition to the policy of Great Russification by means of ** and terror. The nationalists in Finland demonstrated their desire for independence not only politically, but also by assassinating **, which pursued a policy of Great Russification. This extreme revolt shows that for some regions, the policy of Great Russification has triggered a strong sense of national self-defense.
In the face of the policy of Great Russification, Ukraine demonstrated the Ukrainian people's adherence to their native culture through the "Gro-Ro-Da" movement and later the national independence movement. Although the "Gromada" was repeatedly suppressed, the cultural resistance in Ukraine was revived in the 80s and 90s of the 19th century, laying the foundation for the later independence movement.
In commenting on the activities of this historical period, one can see the awakening of the awareness of ethnic minorities to the preservation of culture, language and identity. The failure of the policy of Great Russification consisted not only in the failure to achieve its goals of unification and assimilation, but also in the fact that it provoked widespread resistance and aroused nationalist sentiments. This history tells us that cultural pluralism and respect for the rights of different ethnic groups are the key to maintaining the long-term peace and stability of the country.
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