Why does the United States want to suppress our chip industry to the limit?
Because behind the chip industry is hard-core technology, which is the embodiment of a country's comprehensive strength in science and technology, economy, military, and politics.
To a certain extent, the battle of chips is the battle of national fortunes.
From the 16th century to 1950, the chip was born as a prequel
In 1833, the British scientist Faraday observed that the resistivity of silver sulfide is inversely proportional to temperature: as the temperature increases, the resistance decreases. This was the first property of semiconductors to be discovered.
At this time, Britain was on the eve of the outbreak of the first industrial revolution. Beginning in the 16th century, Britain defeated Spain to become a global colonial hegemon, coupled with the influence of the Renaissance, British scientists and technicians were inspired by ancient Greece and Rome to begin to observe and experiment with natural phenomena, and developed mathematics, physics, astronomy, chemistry, medicine and other disciplines, and with the establishment of the constitutional monarchy in the 17th century, favorable conditions were created for the development of capitalism, and Britain gradually became the center of the world's economy, science and technology, culture and education. By the mid-18th century, with Watt's improvement of the steam engine and John Boye's invention of the textile machine, mass production began. The first industrial revolution broke out in Britain, and the national strength was rapidly improved.
The great powers of Europe have achieved reunification through wars one after another, and the political map of Europe has been reconstructed. While they began to learn Xi from the United Kingdom, and gradually established their own economic and technological system, the first industrial revolution also entered the second stage, steel, coal, chemistry, machinery heavy industry has become the main field of competition, and related supporting physics and chemistry, electricity-related laboratories have been opened, on the European continent, France and Germany are ahead, and the second to fourth characteristics of semiconductors are gradually being discovered.
In 1839, the French physicist Berkeley discovered the photo-generated volt effect (when semiconductors and metals come into contact, they generate voltage under light);
In 1873, British physical Smith discovered the photoconductive effect (the conductivity of semiconductors increases under illumination);
In 1874, the German physicist Lau Boen discovered the rectification effect (the conductivity of semiconductors is directional, and the forward voltage is on, and when the reverse voltage is added, it is not on) The United States in this time period, through the Mexican-American War, the American-British War, the Civil War, the Westward Movement, the Gold Rush, and the construction of the Pacific Railroad, by the way, also fooled Tsarist Russia to obtain the Alaska region at a lower price than the "cabbage price", and at the same time completed the unification of the border on a large scale, laying the foundation for the rise of the United States. Beginning in the 17th century, Europeans, mainly from the British, began to immigrate to the United States in large numbers to find new opportunities, and some of them and their children became an indispensable backbone in the development of semiconductors in the United States.
In 1885, the American physicist Hall discovered the doping effect (the conductivity of a semiconductor can be changed by adding a small amount of impurity elements to it), which is the fifth property of semiconductors. Hall's ancestors were farmers who immigrated to the United States from England in the 17th century.
In fact, the impact of the first industrial revolution on the development of semiconductors was not significant, because the level of science and technology at that time had not yet reached the level of being able to manufacture and use semiconductors, and it mainly stayed in the theoretical exploration stage of a small number of scientists in the laboratory.
In 1894, the United States surpassed Britain in terms of total industrial output to become the "first brother" of the global economy.
But at this time, Britain is still the leader in politics, finance, technology, culture, etc. The United States did not choose to be tough, but took a step back and "kept its head in obscurity" and made a fortune in silence for 30 or 40 years. In terms of overseas colonial interests, the United States avoided direct competition and conflict with first-line players such as Britain, France, and Germany, but picked a "soft persimmon" Spain, basically annexed Spain's overseas markets, and practiced with Japan and the Philippines during the period, and also accompanied Britain to enter China and other markets through the war. Later, in World War I, the United States adopted the strategy of "eating at both ends" and made a lot of war profits, basically surpassing Britain in terms of overall strength.
Germany, after the reunification of Germany in 1871, touched Britain's nose and gradually developed its own rigorous industrial system from imitating British goods, and in 1913 its industrial output value surpassed Britain, second only to the United States.
In the mid-to-late 19th century, when the United States and Germany realized that the second industrial revolution represented by electricity, oil and internal combustion engines would quickly replace the steam engine, Britain was still stuck in the arrogance of the "steam and horse-drawn carriage age", represented by the "Red Flag Act", British industry and economy began to decline.
The exploration of semiconductors began to tilt from the United Kingdom to Germany and the United States, and the fortunes of the country began to shift.
In 1890, the British scientist Fleming used the Edison effect (heated metal conduction will emit electrons) to invent the diode (a device that can conduct current unilaterally), which is the world's first electron tube, which can be used to detect waves and current (converting alternating current into direct current, which plays an important role in the implementation of technology in the fields of radio communication and electricity), laying the foundation for the development of subsequent electronic technology.
In 1906, the American physicist DeForrest added a gate to Fleming's diode and invented a second type of tube: the transistor. The birth of the transistor enables the electron tube to realize the amplification and control of signals, form a switching circuit, and realize the binary logic meter operation, which provides the possibility for the birth of computer technology. The subsequent four-stage pipe and five-level pipe are all upgraded and transformed with this as the prototype. The emergence of the electron tube has opened a new era of electronic technology, and it has been widely used in radio, television, radar, radio and other fields.
In 1914, the German scientist Haar discovered the thermal effect of copper sulfide (the resistance value changes with the change of temperature) in the experiment, and invented the thermistor, which laid a technical foundation for the overheating and overcurrent protection of electronic components, which was the first semiconductor device.
In the same year, World War I broke out, affecting 33 countries and 1.5 billion people.
In 1918, the war, which left 9 million soldiers and 5 million civilians dead and 20 million disabled, ended with the signing of an armistice by Germany. The First World War led to the reorganization of the European map again, the collapse of Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, the birth of many new states, and the First World War also changed the political, economic, social and cultural pattern of the world, and the resentment and contradictions deepened. World War I officially moved the war from the age of cold weapons to the age of hot weapons, and aircraft, tanks, machine guns, submarines, and radio communications began to be put into use. There is a new understanding of the power of technology among major powers, especially Germany and the United States. In the following 60 years, around war and preparation, it has become the biggest promoter of hard-core technology research and development.
After World War I, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, assumed huge reparations and responsibilities, lost large swathes of territory and colonies, and its military power was drastically reduced, and its economy was in trouble. However, after a series of internal reforms and industrial technological innovation policies, and with the assistance of the "Dodge Plan" of the United States, Germany returned to the stage with the "German economic miracle" in just a few years, and reached the world's leading level in the fields of machinery manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, and aerospace.
On December 30, 1922, the four Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the South Caucasus signed the Treaty of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the "Big Brother of the Soviet Union" was born, and since then the world semiconductor industry has an important player. During the 20s, the Soviet Union began to conduct basic research on semiconductors in both physics and chemistry, such as crystal structure, thermoelectric effect, photoelectric effect, etc.
In 1926, the German physicist Linus discovered the photosensitive effect of copper oxide (the resistance value changes with the change of light intensity), and invented a photoresistor, which can detect the intensity of light and realize photocontrol switching, etc., laying the foundation for subsequent light-related semiconductor technology.
In the turbulent mid-to-late 19th century, Japan had also risen. After being "woken up" by the United States, Japan launched the "Meiji Restoration" and Xi learned from the West, learning from the West, and its comprehensive national strength rose rapidly.
In 1924, the Japanese physicist Toshihiko Terada published an article in the Journal of the Japanese Physical Society, introducing his discovery of the rectification effect on copper oxides, which was one of the earliest semiconductor studies in Japan.
Extra: "Eight Harmony and One Universe": In the bones of some Japanese, they think that they are island countries and will eventually be submerged, and the "Yamato nation" is born the most superior race in the world, in order to preserve this most superior nation, the first step is to go west to the mainland, by the way to transform the "inferior nations" of other countries in East Asia, and finally gradually conquer all sides of the world, merge the whole world into one country, and the Japanese emperor is the world's supreme monarch. So for some Japanese, the other side is that if you have money in your pocket, you will float, and if you have a gun in your hand, you will dare to grab it, and this side is vividly expressed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
In 1928, the German physicist Schottky believed that there was an energy barrier between metals and semiconductors, and put forward the famous "diffusion theory", which is an important thesis about the rectification theory of semiconductors.
In 1929, the Great Depression broke out in the United States, which stimulated the contradictions and competition between the mainstream powers, and the major powers took turns to protect themselves, tariff wars, dumping wars and currency wars were launched in turn, during which fascism and extremism began to rise and develop, mainly in Germany, Japan and Italy, and the fascist forces took advantage of the people's dissatisfaction and fear to promote extreme ** and aggressiveism. Comparing today's global situation in the post-epidemic era, is it impossible to be familiar with it?
History is the best textbook.
In 1930, McDermott and his partners founded the geophysical business company GSI (Geophysical Service), which initially provided geological exploration for oil companies, and later transitioned to the development of military products and monitoring during the Great Depression. This company is the predecessor of TI Texas Instruments, and Texas Instruments can also be called the "Whampoa Military Academy" of semiconductors, especially analog ICs.
In 1931, the British physicist Wilson proposed the physical model of semiconductors, which gave a clear definition of semiconductors based on the band theory, and laid the theoretical foundation for semiconductor physics.
In 1935, the American Picka invented the radio wave detector, which was used to detect radio waves by the rectification function generated by the contact between metal and silicon or lead sulfide, which was the first solid-state electronic component. In 1937, the American physicist Georg Ohm discovered Ohm's law for semiconductors (the resistance of a semiconductor is proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the voltage).
In the 30s of the 20th century, the USSR entered applied research in semiconductors, mainly focused on radio and radar, for military use. This also set the tone for the development of semiconductors throughout the existence of the Soviet Union: ** dominant, for the sake of the military industry.
In 1935, the Japan Radio Corporation established a semiconductor research group and began to research semiconductor materials such as selenium, tellurium, and germanium, and two years later, the first selenium rectifiers were manufactured for power conversion of radio receivers, which was one of the earliest semiconductor applications in Japan. Subsequently, it was put into various wars such as the war of aggression against China.
In 1939, in terms of GNP (gross national product), the United States ranked first in the world with $99.7 billion, accounting for 40%, the Soviet Union ranked second with $63.6 billion, accounting for 25% of the world, Germany ranked third with $44 billion, accounting for 18%, followed by the United Kingdom with 12%, and then Japan with 5%.
In continental Europe, Germany regained its hegemony, Japan dominated East Asia, and at this moment, the contradictions between the Great Depression and the post-World War I grievances were still not resolved, fascism and militarism were further expanded, and a world war was coming.
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, and on September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and the European theater of World War II broke out. In 1941, Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor naval base, the United States declared the Pacific War, and World War II broke out. In 1945, the war ended. World War II was the deadliest war in human history, with about 7,000 people killed, about 18 million soldiers, and about 52 million civilians. About 18 million people died in China (about 1.48 million soldiers and 16.52 million civilians) in this catastrophe.
In 1945, a young Japanese named Akio Morita served as a lieutenant in the Japanese Navy and was engaged in naval technical work, and another person named Dai Ibuka, who was also engaged in radar and communication technology research in the Navy, met. At the end of the war, some of their comrades-in-arms were busy receiving training for the "kamikaze", and they did not join it, of course, they did not follow the traditional Japanese Xi of seppuku to express their loyalty to the emperor, but thought about post-war planning, and after World War II, they cooperated to found Tokyo Telecommunications Industry Co., Ltd., later renamed Sony.
In 1945, in Shanghai, 14-year-old Zhang Zhongmou studied at Nanyang Model High School, returned to Hong Kong with his family in the same year, entered Hong Kong Pui Ying High School, and left Hong Kong in 1949 to study at Harvard University in the United States, where he began his legendary career in semiconductors.
In 1945, at the seafood and fruit wholesale market in Daegu, South Korea, Lee Byung-cheol, the owner of a small and micro business, was still busy buying and selling fruits and seafood to northeastern China.
Extra Chapter 1:World War II was a war based on "oil and steel".
During World War II, the United States produced more tanks than all the Axis powers, and produced twice as many cannons and machine guns as the Axis powers. During the First World War, there were mule and horse transports and cavalry on the battlefield, but the actual performance was weaker than that of aircraft, tanks, and ships.
Japan, a "poor oil and iron country", launched the "918 Incident" in 1931 to 1941 to plunder and occupy China unscrupulously, behind it is also because of the support of the Americans, a steady stream of oil, steel, rubber and other strategic materials, and then in 1941 the United States stopped the above-mentioned strategic materials against Japan, and the Japanese dog jumped over the wall in a hurry, biting the owner to launch a sneak attack on the Pearl Island.
Germany "swept" Europe at the beginning of the war, behind which was the first support provided by the Soviet Union, Germany lacked oil, and could only carry out a short-term rapid offensive in order to quickly defeat the enemy and seize its resources, which was also the core influencing factor of the German "blitzkrieg". After the Allied forces of the United States and the Soviet Union imposed a strong blockade of oil and steel on Japan and Germany, Japan and Germany were quickly defeated, and in the later part of World War II, there were even "firewood cars" in Germany, and Japan used pine roots to refine oil.
Side 2:The introduction of talents from the United States and the USSR in the first half of the twentieth century.
In the first half of the 20th century, the United States completed the transformation from a "technology introduction country" to a "technological innovation country" through the large-scale introduction of scientists and engineering and technical personnel from Europe. In the field of talent introduction, from 1910 to 1950, the total number of scientists in the United States increased from 350,000 grew to 1850,000 people, mostly in the natural sciences and engineering technology, the number of foreign-born scientists in the United States from 1910 to 1950 ranged from about 150,000 grew to 350,000 people, mostly from Germany, the United Kingdom and Russia, and the proportion of foreign-born scientists in the total number of scientists in the United States has fallen from 43 percent to 19 percent as the development of indigenous science education and immigration policies have changed.
Taking the United States' second and post-war "Operation Paperclip" program as an example, by persuading and recruiting German scientists, engineers and technicians to be placed in the United States to serve the United States and scientific research institutions, it is estimated that the United States has absorbed more than 1,600 German scientists and technicians (plus more than 3,700 family members) through this program, such as Werner von Braun, the leader of rocket technology, these German experts are interested in American aerospace, nuclear energy, chemistry, The development of biological and other fields has made important contributions, and has also accelerated the scientific and technological superiority of the United States in the Cold War.
Well, after the Soviet Union arrived in Germany, it mainly took away a large number of German equipment, drawings and materials, as well as more than 2,000 German experts and technicians, plus more than 6,000 family members, mainly through coercive means through the "Osawagan operation", and transported them to the Soviet Union for research and production.
The United States focused on people and core cutting-edge basic technology, while the Soviet Union focused on equipment and mass production technology, and the difference in attitude and line towards scientific and technological personnel also laid the groundwork for the subsequent widening of the scientific and technological gap.
During World War II, research began to be carried out with the influx of the world's best scientists into the United States and a series of scientific and technological support policies in the United States, and the semiconductor industry was no exception.
In 1943, in order to seize the opportunity of the war, the United States needed to develop new artillery and missiles for war, in order to more accurate delivery, the study of ballistic trajectory has become an important direction, but the mathematical model of ballistic trajectory is an extremely complex system of equations, relying on manpower is unrealistic, with the help of advanced calculation tools, the eniac Eniake project was established, the main purpose is to perform complex scientific and engineering calculations, especially to support the design and research of atomic bombs, In 1946, Eniac was born, and its computing speed was 1,000 times faster than that of existing computers at that time, reaching 5,000 operations per second, which also started the fifth information revolution of mankind.
Computing power has since become the core direction of competition between major countries.
In Eniac, semiconductor technology has been used to a certain extent, such as the use of 17,468 electron tubes as the main switching elements to achieve digital logic and arithmetic operations, the use of 7,200 crystal diode position-assisted switching elements to achieve memory control, and the most commonly used storage technology at that time, mercury delay line, was also applied to this giant computer, to achieve 1,000 10-digit decimal numbers can be stored.
However, as the core "switch" that determines computing power, the volume of the electron tube is too large, and the energy consumption is also high, so if you want to make a new breakthrough, you have to find new alternatives.
In 1945, Bell Labs established a semiconductor group with Shockley, Bardeen and Bratton to study new semiconductor materials and devices, and in December 1947, they successfully fabricated the first point-contact germanium transistor to realize the amplification function of electrical signals. In 1950, Shockley invented the bipolar transistor in the sandwich structure, which laid the foundation for later integrated circuits. Smaller, more power-efficient, stable, and durable than electron tubes, transistors became one of the "greatest inventions" of the 20th century.
On March 12, 1947, the United States proposed the "Truman Doctrine" and the Cold War began.
The Soviet Union paid great attention to the birth of Eniak, and in 1948 established the Computer Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1950 developed the first electronic computer MESM in the Soviet Union, although it only operated 3000 times per second, but it was smaller (18,000 tubes in Eniak and 6,000 in MESM), lower energy consumption (174 kW in Eniak, 25 kW in MESM), and more reliable and flexible performance (such as 10 in Eniak, MESM is binary), at this time the Soviets considered themselves to be only 2-3 years apart from the United States.
In 1949, in order to curb the influence of the Soviet Union and its allies, the United States initiated and led the Paris Coordinating Committee (hereinafter referred to as "Batumi") in November 1949 to initiate export control and review of socialist countries.
Hard-core technology, since then, has national borders, but also has political attributes.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded, and 70 years later, it became the strongest competitor of the United States in the field of semiconductors.
Extra Chapter 1:The origin of the bug.
Although the computing power of the Eniac computer far exceeds that of humans, but the size is large, the energy consumption is high, and the failure rate is also high, in terms of failure rate, the important reason is the short circuit of the tube it uses, and a large part of the reason for the short circuit of the tube is because it will glow and heat up when it is running, and the insects represented by moths pounce on the tube based on "phototaxis", causing a short circuit. Eniaq had to replace an electron tube every two days on average, which was as thick as an arm at the time, and during the whole troubleshooting process, an engineer once described a short circuit fault caused by a moth as a moth English word bug, and the act of eliminating this fault was described as debug, so the follow-up bug became another name for everyone's electronic system failure.
Side 2:Bell Labs.
In 1925, it was jointly funded by AT&T and Western Electric Company, aiming to provide technological innovation and support for the Bell system, with the core direction of basic research, systems engineering and application development, involving mathematics, physics, materials science, behavioral science, programming theory and other fields, in its first years (1940-1980s), many products that changed the world were born: transistors, solar batteries, digital switches, communication satellites, C language, information theory, UNIX operating system, etc. There are also 15 Nobel Prize scientists produced at Bell Labs.
In 1984, Bell Labs was split into AT&T Labs and Lucent Bell Labs in the name of antitrust by the United States, and then began to decline, in 2006 Lucent and Alcatel merged to form Alcatel-Lucent, in 2016 Nokia completed the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs was divided into Nokia, renamed Nokia Bell Labs, and the research direction is 5G, artificial intelligence and Internet of Things.