In 234 AD, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Sichuan and Shu, died in Wuzhangyuan, leaving endless regrets. **Although Jiang Wei inherited the teachings of the bright world, he suffered frequent defeats in the Northern Expedition. Why couldn't Jiang Wei defeat Deng Ai?
First, the Sichuan and Shu imperial courts were centrifugal and insufficiently supported.
Since Jiang Wei began the Northern Expedition in 238 AD, the court has been separated from Germany. Fei Yi and other upper-level leaders ignored Jiang Wei's strategy of wooing Qianghu, and even obstructed it. Although Jiang Wei had the art of war, he was repeatedly constrained by his superiors and failed to receive full support.
Second, Liu Chan misled the country and surrendered to Cao Wei.
In 263 AD, Sima Zha sent Zhong Hui and Deng Ai to attack Shu Han. Jiang Wei urgently reported to Liu Chan and suggested that the important place be defended. However, Liu Chan listened to Huang Hao's words and firmly believed that Cao Wei would not cut down Shu, resulting in the failure to send Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to guard the important place. In the end, Zhonghui's army captured Hanzhong, and Liu Chan chose to surrender, making it difficult for Jiang Wei to resist Cao Wei's strong enemy alone when he was in a difficult situation both internally and externally.
Third, there is a huge disparity in the strength of Shu and Wei.
The strength of Shu Han and Cao Wei is compared, Cao Wei occupies the world's Kyushu, and Shu Han only benefits the state, and the strength of the two is very different. Cao Wei's total population and military strength far exceeded that of Shu Han, making it difficult for Jiang Wei to win during the Northern Expedition.
Fourth, Jiang Wei lacks available generals.
Jiang Wei did not have an outstanding general like the Five Tiger Generals. The lack of generals who were accustomed to warfare made it difficult for Jiang Wei to exert his overall strength in military operations, and the contradictions with Liu Chan and Huang Hao made it difficult for Jiang Wei to form a unified and powerful command system.
Epilogue. 
The failure of Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition was not only a matter of personal ability, but also caused by multiple reasons such as internal disputes in the imperial court, obstruction by superiors, disparity in strength, and lack of generals under his command. During the Northern Expedition, although Jiang Wei inherited Zhuge Liang's art of war, he repeatedly failed in many difficulties, which became a regret in the history of the Three Kingdoms.
The dilemma faced by Jiang Wei during the Northern Expedition undoubtedly shows the double attack of internal problems and external challenges of the Shu Han court at that time. The article analyzes in detail the four major reasons for Jiang Wei's defeat, so that readers can understand the root causes of the failure of the Northern Expedition more deeply.
First of all, the centrifugal detachment within the imperial court was the primary problem of Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition. The article pointed out that the opposition of Fei Yi and other upper-level leaders, as well as the constraints on Jiang Wei's strategy, seriously hindered the implementation of the Northern Expedition. Jiang Wei, as a general, faced with the lack of support from the imperial court, it can be said that he has achieved twice the result with half the effort. It also sparked a rethinking of the Shu Han court's management and decision-making mechanisms, showing how an unbalanced regime could have weakened an otherwise powerful army.
Secondly, Liu Chan's decision to surrender was another key reason for Jiang Wei's failure. Liu Chan's misjudgment of the internal and external situation and his decision to surrender to Cao Wei deprived Shu Han of the opportunity to continue to resist Cao Wei. Liu Chan's weakness and inaction became a fatal stumbling block for Jiang Wei. This also makes the reader question the governance of the state of Shu Han at that time, and reflect on whether the failure of the leadership led to the collapse of the entire country.
The disparity in strength is the third main reason why Jiang Wei is difficult to counterattack. There was a huge gap between Shu Han and Cao Wei in terms of strength and resources, and Jiang Wei's army could not form effective resistance in the face of Cao Wei's huge combat power. This not only reflects the importance of the balance of strength in the war, but also reveals the dilemma of the relative inadequacy of Shu Han in terms of overall national strength.
Finally, Jiang Wei's lack of available generals made the Northern Expedition even more difficult. The article mentions the gradual decline of the five tiger generals, while the subsequent generals lack experience and prestige. This made it difficult for Jiang Wei to give full play to his overall advantages when commanding the army, and also affected the overall cohesion and combat effectiveness of the army. This is also an important reflection on the management and command level of the armed forces.
In general, the reasons for the failure of Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition were manifold, including political struggles within the imperial court, mistakes in decision-making by state leaders, disparities in strength, and problems with the military leadership. Through an in-depth analysis of these reasons, this article gives readers a more comprehensive and profound understanding of the plight of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. The failure of the Northern Expedition also reflected the intricate political, military, and diplomatic problems in Chinese history at that time, and also had certain implications for today's social management and national development.
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