Writing ** is a craft. To learn the craft from the master, the general practice is that the apprentice first observes, then helps, and finally practices. The master passes on the help, relies on example, not on words. The craftsmen of neighboring Japan have inherited the traditions they have learned from Japan. Whether it is making ironware to make corros, or making sushi and cooking ramen, the master takes the apprentice, and for several years, the master keeps his mouth shut about the craftsmanship, and only lets the apprentice go through the whole process. How much an apprentice can learn depends on his own hard work and hard imitation. Until recently, craftsmen in trades such as blacksmithing and tile making have become older and younger, and there have been fewer and fewer young people learning the craft, and the old craftsmen have only begun to spread their skills as a last resort in order to avoid the ancestral skills being lost in their own hands. The master often gets angry and reprimands when he speaks, and it is not until the apprentice finally makes a qualified product that he encourages him with a pleasant face.
I survived in academia by writing in English for traditional academic journals in the British and American traditions, but the way I learned the art was the way of a modern Japanese apprentice. The supervisor, Professor O'Brien, never gave me a systematic lecture on how to write**, but just took me to write. At first he wrote, I looked, he asked, I answered;Then he drafted, and I added and revised;Then I drafted it, and he revised it;In the end, it was like playing table tennis, he sent it to me after writing and correcting it, and I sent it to him after I finished writing it. When he encounters a joint point, he will explain why it is so modified. I totally agreed at first, and then there were disagreements, but I always agreed.
Because of the way I learned to write, I never thought about systematically summarizing how to write academics. However, I know very well that writing is important, and when I give lectures, I always truthfully paraphrase Mr. O'Brien's classic sayings. A good ** is the right word in the right sentence, the right sentence in the right paragraph, and the right paragraph in the right structure. This sentence has been ringing in my head for almost 30 years, and the meaning has become more and more specific and clear, and it has become my own vision, and the more I can see it when I read my own articles. It can be seen that it is necessary to talk about and write;Whether it is useful or not is up to the listener himself.
Serving the readers
Writing must be reader-aware. Professor Lawrence McEnerney, a professor at the University of Chicago, has two topics on how to write academics, and "The Craft of Writing Effectively" (2014), which focuses on principlesThe other is "Writing Beyond the Academy" in 2015, which focuses on technology. Both ** are worth watching, listening carefully, and thinking carefully. I pay more attention to the principle of ** in 2014In particular, I agree with Professor McKennay's view that the key to academic writing is to make "readers" feel that "your" is "valuable" to them.
The "readers" that Professor McKenaner refers to are the "big readers", not the "readers" of the Reader's Digest. The reader is not a person, it is a group of people, and a group of people is a community, but the community is not a strict organization, it is a loose river and lake, with many sects and many mountains, and there are hundreds or thousands of times more people who claim to be the gatekeepers than the doors that are worth guarding. There are two groups of readers, scholars who have established themselves in their disciplines, and scholars who are still trying to gain a foothold. Big readers are "big" because they are qualified to be anonymous reviewers and have the power to kill and kill the manuscript. Power is the same, but there are differences in the way power is used. The first group is more stable, while the second group tends to be more aggressive.
Reader consciousness is service consciousness. In academia, there is a scientific logic of seeking truth and truth, a market logic that uses research results as hard currency, and a power logic that uses fame and status as a scepter. To publish, innovation is a necessary condition, and in mathematics and other natural sciences, innovation is also a sufficient condition. However, social science is different, and the power of the logic of the market and the logic of power is great. In order to publish, in addition to innovation, it is also necessary to understand the details of established scholars, to clearly understand the ideals and norms they believe in and maintain, but not necessarily to state, and to understand and join their often hidden research agendas. Established scholars and their students will naturally or artificially form sects or schools, and it is inevitable that they will see a doorway.
Academic career is difficult because there are three contradictions, and all three contradictions are related to the spirit of service. The first is the contradiction between self-confidence and the spirit of service. Academics must be self-confident, trusting in their own judgment and abilities, but this self-confidence is often incompatible with a spirit of service. The second is the contradiction between interest and the spirit of service. You must be interested in doing research, otherwise it is impossible to generate inspiration, but your own interest is often ignored by readers, and personal interest and service spirit are often incompatible. The third is the contradiction between self-esteem and the spirit of service. Doing research must have extraordinary self-esteem and self-respect, otherwise there is no merit in an academic career, and it is better to make a real living. When doing research, we must be self-respecting, otherwise it is impossible to find a unique way, which has never been seen by others and peers. When writing, you must be humble and cautious, otherwise it is impossible to treat the contributions of predecessors and peers fairly.
Reader consciousness is innovation consciousness. It is not difficult to study the society, seek superficial newness, and there is news every day. It's hard to find something new in the depths, and there's nothing new under the sun. In the final analysis, the search for deep novelty is to make the target audience feel new.
Reader consciousness is adversary consciousness. When Nie Weiping was learning chess, Mr. Guo Tisheng taught him: "Chess is played by two people. "Chess is naturally played by two people, so do you need to say that?However, Mr. Guo is not talking about superficial phenomena, but conscious consciousness. When playing chess, casual moves, missed calculations, losing moves, and spoons are often not because of insufficient chess strength, but because they subconsciously despise their opponents, regard the game of equal strength as their own performance, and regard the competitor who can kill them with one move as their own sparring partner. The calculation may be deep, but when calculating, it is wishful thinking, and you can see the number of paths in your favor, and you can't see the opponent's harsh counterattack. This is forgetting that "chess is played by two people". Consciously aware that "chess is played by two people", and always be vigilant that "chess is played by two people", we have established the awareness of Go. If you don't have this awareness, you can't become a Go master. Write **, the same principle.
The reader's consciousness is the consciousness of self-cultivation. Cultivation is to practice "fighting left and right", turning the opponent into another self and turning oneself into two people. Learning Go, doing life-and-death problems, and playing chess games, they all divide themselves into two, one does his best, and the other also does his best, both offensive and defensive. When the opponent's level increases, your own level increases;The opponent's level drops, and so does his own. Doing research is similar to learning chess. Research is done by two people, ** is written by two people, and both people are themselves. Learning chess depends on actual combat, and research depends on practice;To learn chess, you have to do life-and-death problems, and to learn research, you need to learn analytical techniques;To learn chess, you need to play chess, and to study and research, you need to criticize literature;To learn chess, you need to review, and to learn research, you need to be evaluated by your mentor. Writing ** is a competition. When the mind is highly excited, one creates freely on his own;Calm down, and the other self is bold and critical. When drafting, it may be useful to treat the academic community as a no-man's land;When revising, be humble and cautious, and remember that there is a mountain beyond the mountain.
Writing is a cyclical process
It takes about half a year to write an English**, the text is about 8,000 words, and it takes about 300 "sittings", each time it takes about 3 hours, and each time it breaks through the limit, about 300 words. Professor O'Brien often says that the first 85% of the content may take 15% of the time and energy, and the last 15% should be 85%. The latter 15% is the gap between non-scholars and scholars, and the difference between mediocre scholars and excellent scholars.
Statically, an article is like a tree. As mentioned in the previous lecture, the main argument is the trunk of the tree, and peers evaluate whether the tree is mature, the height of the material, and the size of the material, looking at the trunk. There are two taproots. In terms of academic value, empirical material and analysis are the taproot;A proper literature review is the taproot in terms of real-world market value. To add a little here, the logical argument is the main branch, the presentation of the analysis results is the twig, and the choice of words is the leaves. The logic is clear**, you can read through it completely by reading only the first and last sentences of each paragraph, and you can also read through it by reading only the first sentence of each paragraph. The title is the finishing touch.
However, writing ** is a dynamic growth process, starting from the seed and starting from the small. Write for a few hours a day, and the tree grows a little bit every day. If you don't write for a few days in a row, the tree may wilt or even dry up. Write every day, because it is impossible to do it all at once;Change it every day, because it is impossible to change it all at once. The process of writing ** is similar to the process of understanding a work of art. Gadamer said: "One of the rules of hermeneutics is that the whole must be understood in the details;To understand the details, you must start from the whole. What exists here is a cyclical relationship, and understanding is a moving process, always moving from the whole to the part, and from the part back to the whole. To understand is to generate a complete and unified meaning in a circular process that resembles a circle. This passage explains the process of understanding a work of art. Replacing "understanding" with "writing" refers to the process of writing.
Modify, modify, modify
Don't be superstitious about your ability to do it in one go, the article is repeatedly revised. Rodin was a coarse semi-finished product left by the great sculptor. If he can do it in one go, he will only be left with a perfect finished product, at least a perfect part, not a rough semi-finished product.
The characteristic of the draft is that it is disorganized, there are a lot of words, and when I write it, I am very excited, and the next day I read it and think it is nonsense. However,The article is made from nonsense. Nonsense is a creative process. Innovative thinking is disorderly, and it can't be planned. Reflected in language, disordered creation is logical confusion and grammatical nonsense. Knowing this, you can calmly talk nonsense. Once you enter the state of creating, you can ignore any rules, do not pay attention to logic, grammar, and rhetoric, and either put your cranky thoughts on paper, or type your ideas into computer files, and settle under the mud and sand, hoping that there is gold in the sand. When the grass was created, it seemed that there was a sudden realization, as if there was a god in the pen, extremely free, imaginative, out of nothing, you might as well believe it and enjoy the short-lived genius illusion.
Don't deliberately restrain yourself when writing, you might as well inflate yourself, as long as you don't expose it, it doesn't hurt to burst with confidence. Driven by inflated self-confidence, you can bring your talents to the extreme. After the heat subsides, the hot and faint nonsense can't be stopped, and you need to start adjusting your mood, return to reality, and calmly accept that you are not a genius. In this way, the next day, when you see the manuscript dragging, messy, and messy, you will not feel frustrated, but will admire yourself for being fully mentally prepared. This kind of creative psychology is not universal. Everyone has their own set of writing and needs to summarize it by themselves.
To revise the draft, you may wish to slowly close it at the beginning, maintain a high degree of sensitivity and interest in various forks in the road, insert needles at the seams, turn around when you see a bend, and trust the sense of smell and intuition. The so-called unique way, in fact, most of them are curious and mistaken, or even hit by mistake, and hit the right one. In the process of revision, sometimes I feel awkward everywhere, and I have to be careful with every word. To change the summary, almost every word has to be revisited. Assuming that the reader is only willing to spend 3 minutes, and 3 minutes does not get the essentials, they will put ** into the wastebasket. To change the conclusion, there must be a basis for what you say, and it must be appropriate.
Purification upgrades when finalized. Knife and axe, remove the turnips, what is sure to be garbage, resolutely dispose of it, may be useful, and store it carefully. Tinkering, self-examination and self-correction, loopholes are inevitable, what can be mended is made up, what cannot be mended is cleverly covered up, keep the bottom by yourself, prepare for the next step of research, don't blame yourself, don't expect perfection, only the best research for the time being, there is no ultimate perfect research.
Grass creation and modification are both extreme sports, but one is hot and the other is cold;One is refreshing, the other is tangled. Mr. Lu Xun talked about his creative experience: "After writing, I read it at least twice, and tried my best to delete the dispensable words, words, and paragraphs, which is not a pity." Hemingway said that if you delete the wonderful ones, what you leave behind is the most exciting.
Writing is like spiritual practice
There are three elements of spiritual practice: seeking the path, practicing penance, and liberating. The process of writing ** is similar.
1. Seeking the Tao
Writing is a quest for the truth, and it requires a big-picture view. Chess saint Nie Weiping said: "I taught Jin Yong a secret to playing chess, that is, to always look up at the whole game, don't keep staring at the part, because of small losses." With this habit, his chess has really improved a lot. "The words are short, but very elegant. "Always look up at the whole picture, don't keep looking at the part", he is talking about the big picture.
The big picture is the whole, and the whole is made up of parts, but the flexibility of the whole is greater than the sum of the local flexibility;The individual parts make up the population, but the complexity of the individual local changes is higher than the average complexity of the population. "With this habit, his chess has really improved a lot" is talking about the concept of practice. Habits can only be cultivated through conscious and continuous practice. Hear the secret, understand the secret, believe the secret, and if you don't practice, the secret is the right empty words;When we consciously practice the secret repeatedly and develop a habit, the secret will be sublimated to an instantaneous understanding to a permanent realm, and the overall situation will change from the cold eye advantage of the bystander to the strategic thinking advantage of the authorities.
In fact, this secret is equally useful for all amateur chess players, and it is a professional view. The key here is the word "amateur". This recipe is undoubtedly useful for all chess players. However, professional chess players have mastered this secret, otherwise they will not become professional chess players. The common sense of a professional chess player is the secret of an amateur chess player. Childhood amateur chess players can become professional chess players only by turning the secret into a habit.
All laws are one. Chess theory is reason, and the theory of academic research is also reason, and reason and reason are connected. A very long article: Skim through the structure of the text often and don't keep staring at sections, paragraphs, and sentences. Playing chess requires a view of the overall situation, and writing ** requires a sense of the overall situation. It is a misfortune for the players that Go has been conquered by algorithms, but it does not detract from the educational function of Go in the slightest. Go is best suited for cultivating a sense of survival and development. Starting from the first move, it is necessary to have both a big picture and a good calculation;It is both a big account and a small account;Not only every inch of land must be contested, but also clear about abandonment.
These principles are all applicable to survival and development in the academic world, but they all need to change from abstract to concrete, from external principles to internal ideas, and from observational vision to hand work. It is easiest to understand the usefulness of learning exhaust gas and doing life-and-death problems, and it is not difficult to understand the usefulness of learning formulas. However, to become a master, it is also necessary to improve the strength of the virtual path The path is to play chess. However, the usefulness of playing chess is extremely difficult to understand, depending on the player's self-battle commentary, but also depends on the comments of other masters.
Seeking the Tao is no matter how big or small, and everything must be serious. The premise of seeking the truth is piety, and if you have a reverent heart, you will not feel that there are small things that can be ignored. For example, almost every journal has unique formatting requirements, and if a submission is rejected, another submission will need to be reformatted, which is disgusting. However, it cannot be taken lightly and must be taken seriously. Harold Drake, who has been at the helm of Applied and Environmental Microbiology for many years, explains why: if the format of the manuscript does not meet the requirements of the journal, the reviewer will suspect that the manuscript is rejected by other journals, and will be suspicious, and will be extra vigilant when reviewing.
2. Penance
Mr. Qi Gong said: "Gongfu" is "accurate repetition". The word "accurate" is crucial, strive for accuracy, be proactive, and pay full attention. Inattentive repetition, repetition of coping with errands, unhelpful progress, tiresome, and boredom is the number one enemy of learning. There are two types of repetition. One is monotonous, such as a drop of water that can pierce a stone, this repetition is effective, but people are not machines and can't stand monotony. It is a misunderstanding to understand perseverance as monotonous repetition. Perseverance is rhythmic repetition, and rhythmic repetition is a cycle of ups and downs.
Academic writing is alive, creative, not mechanical monotonous. The rhythm of one day, there is a rhythm across the sky. It's not every workday to get into writing. The rhythm of a good day is in three phases.
First, warm-up and acceleration require active patience.
Second, full speed ahead, you need to resist interference and **.
Thirdly, the way of thinking is still open, the sense is no longer sharp, and there needs to be leeway.
Write a few key words to remind yourself what to do next, create unfinished aftertaste, and help you get into the mood the next day. How others are, it is not known. Most days are not good days for me. Better days, barely into the state of writing;Ordinary days, hovering on the edge of the state of writing;In the worse days, the literature and thinking were exhausted, the body and mind were exhausted, and the mountains and rivers were exhausted. There are many hard days, few good days, and the state is up and down;There are many troughs, many climbs, and few climbs, which is the norm of the academic career of Chinese talents. From another point of view, whether or not you can accept this normalcy and create and maintain your own rhythm of writing is a matter of survival. For gifted scholars, creating and maintaining their own rhythm of writing is a matter of success.
Zen Buddhism has two schools: gradual cultivation and epiphany, epiphany is more suitable for geniuses, and gradual cultivation is more suitable for non-geniuses. Suitability and discomfort are only differences in degree, not a clear distinction. Geniuses also have to practice penance, and Hui Neng in Huanglong Temple "stepped on the mill in August, and the waist stone spring rice" was extremely tired. Non-geniuses also have moments of epiphany, but they need to slowly climb to the peak of cultivation. The reason for writing ** is similar. Non-genius research requires time and effort to climb the peak of knowledge in order to get lightning inspiration, so we should cherish the time when we stand at the peak of knowledge. Mr. O'Brien often reminds his students not to make the mistake of thinking that they can easily climb the pinnacle of knowledge. Don't make the mistake of thinking that you can easily climb the pinnacle of knowledge at any time, and don't mistakenly think that you can get into the pinnacle of work smoothly, both of which take a long time and a lot of hard work.
Schopenhauer was a genius, but he tells us that the moment of inspiration can only wait in active work: "Original ideas, whether they happen, when they come, we can only wait;".Even when it comes to our personal matters, deliberation is not always done at our scheduled time, when we are ready;As long as the right thinking comes alive naturally, we follow with our full attention, and mature ideas will choose their own time to come. "This attitude of not boasting about himself is rare for a person as conceited as him.
3. Liberation
Teacher O'Brien saidWhen revising an article, beware of falling in love with your own work. This is one side. There are at least two sides to everything. On the other hand, it is impossible to write the best words without appreciating and not loving your own words. Cherish what you have worked so hard to write, keep revising, the more you change, the better it feels, and the more reluctant you are to delete it. Like literary creation, writing is full of tension. At the beginning of the revision, each draft has changed a lot, and the revision often has a "miserable" feeling, and it is easy to delete large paragraphs, so you must be willing to do so. The larger the revision, the faster the progress. The range of changes has changed from large to small, and it is almost final.
Modify, modify, modify, pick gold in the sand, and then refine gold, modify to the point where you can confidently say three sentences, and you will refine real gold. First, it is important for the reader to discover a new problem that has not been studied in depth. Second, new perspectives, new materials, and new technologies have been discovered, which are useful to readers. Thirdly, get a new result, which is worth knowing for the reader. The next step is to create gold, purify and upgrade, and put the finishing touch. The tone turns to affirmation, refining the words that readers will draw key lines and quote directly, and use the literature as original proof and academic packaging to invest in the academic market, and show confidence.
The alternation of hot and cold in the process of revising, the moment of revision, three points of joy, five points of decomposition, and two points of gloom.
Ideas are innovative, and the article is eight
Write **, the point of view should be innovative, and the writing method should be eight. To increase the probability that your article will make it to the review process, take the time to ponder the title and try to create an atmosphere as if the results of the research are important.
Write an abstract carefully and strive to write a sentence that can be quoted directly by peersTo achieve the "three highlights": highlight the importance of the theme, highlight the innovation of the core arguments, highlight the details of the data and the thoroughness of the analysis methods. Don't drag your feet, don't think that's important, that's important.
Try to fit into the grand theoretical system,It is best to hook up with "major hot theoretical controversies", or at least to connect with "protracted major theoretical controversies". Even if it is only far-fetched to "engage" seemingly great theoretical controversies, do not be modest, and dare to categorically say "unique data", "novel or even original methods of analysis", "new discoveries", "new insights", "new concepts", and so on.
On the premise of not affecting the content of the article, you may wish to put more effort into citation. When the quality of the article is indistinguishable, try to cite as many articles as possible from the target journal, and try to cite as many articles by big-name authors as possible in the target journal. To survive and develop, we must first respect market forces, and only then can we consider using them.
Functionalism and stylistic style
The first part of this lecture mentions two lectures on academic writing by Professor McKennay of the University of Chicago, and this part is my notes and reflections from the 2014 lectures.
Academic writing should be functionalistic. **To have a clear function, that is, to help full members of the academic community to improve their learning. The academic community is a club, and scholars who have made a certain contribution to a certain academic field are full members, and Professor McKennay calls them "readers", and this book calls them "big readers". Full members set the rules and standards of academic research, and decide what is knowledge, what is learning, and what is innovation. To join this academic club, one must first earn membership, and the means of earning membership is to contribute to the scholarship of full members, that is, to raise members' awareness of the issues they care about. However, to do this, it is difficult.
The difficulty of academic research is two words, one is pain, and the other is itching. The pain of a scholar is that he knows what he should understand and does not understand, and his heart hurts incomprehensiblyThe scholar's itch is to see ripe fruit on the tree, but jumping up and down under the tree, almost out of reach every time, itching and scratching. Adults are good at hiding their pain and itching, and scholars are even more adept at it. Therefore, judging the pain and itch of other scholars is also a challenge for senior scholars, and it is even more difficult for novices.
When writing, if you know that others are in pain and itching, you have a clear goal, to touch other people's sore spots, but also to scratch other people's itches. With a clear goal, functionalist writing can be practiced. Help members relieve pain and help members relieve itching, this is your value.
It is one way to probe the itch and pain of other scholars, and to read high-quality literature, but it is less efficient. The publication process is like striking iron, and the published process is more than hundreds of steel, at least the obvious slag is knocked out. Feel the pain and itch of the academic community, the efficiency of participating in academic conferences is higher, and the conference ** is also packaged, but it has not been ruthlessly attacked by anonymous review, and it is generally not armed to the teeth. In addition, academic conferences have senior scholars as commentators, and they are good at pointing out the itch of the academic community;There are also listeners who take pleasure in picking thorns and make the speaker unable to come to the stage, and they are good at pointing out the pain of the author.
Functionalism is not the same as straightforwardism, and academic writing is also about stylistic style. The first and foremost importance of academic stylistic style is decency. Each academic community has a set of norms and a set of passwords, and no matter which academic community it is, it is necessary to understand the norms of this community and master the password. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to say bluntly that the predecessors have limitations, and more emphasis should be placed on the contributions of the predecessors. Every generation of scholars has limitations, every scholar has limitations, limitations are commonalities, self-evident constants, contributions are individuality, and variables vary from person to person.
Academic research is open and has no clear and fixed boundaries, so talking about the limitations of other scholars and the gaps in the existing literature is often not enough to build a solid foundation for one's own research results. Some people, by chance, encounter a material, feel interested, think that it is a blank, and it is indeed a blank in academic research, devote themselves to research, and think that they have made academic contributions, but if the big readers do not care about this problem at all, it is impossible to enter their eyes at all. Concerned about the issues that the senior scholars are concerned about, clarifying the contributions of the senior scholars, can more effectively set up the stage for their own research results, and the senior scholars can not deny or be willing to admit that there are new contributions after reading **. In the same way, for fellow scholars, do not emphasize the shortcomings and mistakes of others, even if they are forced to mention it due to competition, they should stop and tacitly understand it.
Functionalism and stylistic style are unified, and they are implemented in words, that is, every paragraph, every sentence, and every key turning word plays a predetermined function. Academic** does not have to make the reader feel rich in literary brilliance and beauty, but it should let the reader read smoothly, without holding his breath and not awkward. Only when you become a great reader one day can you be qualified to be self-centered in your writing, and in order to preserve the originality of your ideas as completely as possible, you can move from being clear and clear to subtle twists and turns, creating a set of terms, and even almost creating a distinctive niche language.
Academic writing is a craft that can be learned by a genius without learning, and a non-genius can learn it by himself through trial and error. **If it can be published, it will be written. However, there are two realms of writing. One is unconscious, knowing what it is but not knowing why;The second is self-awareness, knowing what it is and why it is true. Consciously being able to write is writing freely.
Zong Gaoyun, a Zen master in the Song Dynasty: "Getting a cart of weapons is not a means of killing, I can kill people if I have an inch." "There are so many books on academic writing, and there are so many courses that teach writing techniques. For those who learn by heart, even if they only have the most primitive weapons, as long as they take advantage of them, they are far better than empty fists. As long as scholars do not get dizzy under the radiance of all kinds of advertising language, do not be greedy for more and faster, insist on independent thinking, and insist on putting practice first, they can choose weapons that suit them, learn to use weapons, and fight their way out in the academic world. Note that the spots on the blood road are all your own blood.
Professor McKennerne's ** is a sharp dagger that pierces the idol dogma of misleading scholars. He freely admits that the academic writing program at the University of Chicago is not widely popular and is derided by his peers as a fascist course. However, the real world is not warm, and academia is a ruthless arena. Idealism, romanticism, and warmth are beautiful luxuries;Realism, pragmatism, and cold-faced humanism are the necessities for survival and development in the academic world. Trying to understand this ** and repeatedly experiencing this ** will help you fight your way out in the academic world. The blood is still full of his own blood, but not mottled, but bit by bit. What's more, the bloodstain is a memorial to the survivors, and even a glory to the successful.
Hands-on learning
To write** is to revise**, and to revise repeatedly is penance. To revise, to actively wait, is to keep writing, to keep revising. Research is thinking, thinking is writing: thinking, you need to think, that is, the object of thinking, you also need to think about tools, and the object of thinking and thinking is embodied in words or drafts.
After all, craftsmanship is craftsmanship, and you can't learn it without hands, and you can't learn it diligently.
Article**: Chinese Institute of Comprehensive Evaluation of Humanities and Social Sciences.