Gao Shiqi (1645-1703), a native of Gaojia Village, Zhangshu Township, Yuyao, Zhejiang. In the tenth year of Kangxi (1671), the Guozi supervisor was enshrined in the Hanlin Academy, and the records of the Zhan Mansion were supplemented, and the scholars in the cabinet were moved, and the Hanlin Academy was specially promoted to speak. Admission to the south study. During this period, he was impeached for forming a party for personal gain, and was dismissed and returned to the country. In the thirty-third year of Kangxi (1694), Meng Zhao went to Beijing to serve in the History Bureau, and then asked for repatriation. Jin Zhan Shi, that is, the waiter of the Ministry of Worship and Rites, died at home, and was called "Wen Ke". Gao is knowledgeable, can poetry, good at calligraphy, meticulous research, good at appreciation, and has a rich collection of calligraphy and painting. Its calligraphy work is stable and beautiful, deeply favored by the Kangxi Emperor, and his writings are very rich, including "Spring and Autumn Place Names Examination", "Zuo Chuan Chronicle", "Spring and Autumn Lectures", "Mao Poetry Lectures", "Jin Ao Retirement Notes", etc., calligraphy and painting works include "Jiangcun Sales Summer Record" and "Jiangcun Calligraphy and Painting Bibliography". At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, he had a reputation for being a good scholar of ancient times, and was known as the "Sanjia Village" of Qing Dynasty calligraphy and painting connoisseurs Liang Qingbiao (Haotang Village) and Anqi (Haolu Village) of the Qing Dynasty. "Jiangcun Sales Summer Record" has enjoyed a high reputation for a long time. Siku Pavilion Chen said: "The essence of its appreciation is valued by collectors." ”
Jiangcun Sales Xia Lu", written in the summer of the 32nd year of Kangxi (1693), so it is named after "Sales Xia", the whole book has a total of 3 volumes, recording 210 pieces of calligraphy and painting works. The frontispiece is preface by Zhu Yizun and Song Ju. Gao Shiqi wrote in the example of "Jiangcun Pinxialu": "Dong Wenmin's calligraphy and painting are the first in modern times, and there are many authentic works seen, and the other is a volume. This volume is not seen in today's "Jiangcun Sales Summer Record", but Gao's "Jiangcun Calligraphy and Painting Catalogue" in the category of "Ming Dong Wenmin's Authentic Works", a total of 53 works. In Gao Shiqi's two important works on painting and calligraphy, Dong Qichang's works are listed separately, and it is clear that Gao has shown great interest in Dong Qichang's works.
Dong Qichang's career was prominent, and his influence in the book world at that time could be called a powerful government and the opposition, well-known at home and abroad, and Ryukyu and Goryeo sought it endlessly. According to the late Ming Dynasty Tan Qian's "Zaolin Miscellaneous" record: "Huating Dong Xuanzai Zongbo sat in the hall, the Korean tribute envoy was said to be a stranger, Xia gave the matter to Ziyang, made the Ryukyu return, begged Dong Shu, and Yi Qi came to envoy. Dong Qichang's style of calligraphy injected a fresh breath into the late Ming Dynasty calligraphy represented by the rigid Wumen calligraphy school with the artistic pursuit of "life" and "lightness". After the rulers of the Qing court entered the Central Plains, they implemented a series of cultural policies to encompass Han scholars, among which Emperor Kangxi opened erudite words and set up the Ming History Museum, which was also intoxicated by Han Mo. Emperor Kangxi was fond of Dong Shu, according to the "Shiqu Baoji", Emperor Kangxi Lin Dong Qichang's works amounted to 36 pieces. There is a Kangxi discussion on Dong in Song Ju's "Yingluan Diary", which can be said to be the essence of Dong's book:
Ciming Fang filial piety "loyal martyrs" plaque, Dong Qichang "Zhilan Yunqi" plaque, inscription cloud: Huating Dong Qichang, calligraphy talent is very different, its high beauty and mellowness, popular in the ink room, not within the reach of all families. Every inadvertently, the abundance is unique, such as the slight clouds rolling up, the breeze is blowing, especially the natural interest. Looking at its structural fonts, they all originate from the Jin people. Gai Qi's life mostly copied the "Pavilion Post", in the "Lanting" and "Holy Order" can get his wrist method, and turn the pen at the ancient strength hidden front, it seems to be clumsy and ingenious. The so-called ancient hairpin feet of the calligrapher are yes. Yan Zhenqing, Su Shi, Mi Fu is good at pulling out the strength of the steep, and the roots are all from the Jin people. Zhao Mengfu is especially the second king of scale. Its Chang origin is unified, so it is copied from the sons, and it is easy to get its intentions, and the air of Xiu Run, only when you see the true colors. Cursive writing also has an ancient method of vertical and horizontal arrangement, I appreciate it very much, its use of ink is wonderful, the shades are alternate, more unique, and the most copied. Each is said to be talented and skillful, so it is not easy to do this. Kangxi was in March, and the southern tour was stationed in Songjiang Mansion.
Due to Emperor Kangxi's "great appreciation", the book world at that time was basically shrouded by Dong Qichang's style of writing, and learning Dong became the norm and fashion at that time. Ma Zonghuo's "Shulin Zaojian" said:
The Holy Ancestor is fond of Dong Qichang's book, the authentic works in the sea, the search is exhausted, the jade gold inscription, and the secret pavilion is returned. Dong Shu in the late Ming Dynasty has been in the south of the Yangtze River, since the new dynasty Rui reward, the price of the heavier, the court examination, the court worship, Ganlu seeking, as a shortcut, the wind will be driven, the incense is set in a respect.
Kang Youwei of the Qing Dynasty said in "Guangyi Boat Shuangji": "To my pilgrimage ancestor loves Dong Shu, and his subordinates imitate it, and it has become a trend." Therefore, the world of Kang and Yong is dedicated to imitating incense. As Ma Zonghuo said, those who can look like Dong have been favored by Emperor Kangxi, and their careers are smoother. This makes the scholars and doctors who want to make progress in their careers compete to work hard for Dong Shu. Gao Shiqi, who is known for his cleverness and well-behaved, is extremely fond of and respectful of Dong Qichang's calligraphy and painting.
Gao Shiqi's admiration for Dong Qichang is manifested in three aspects, one is the admiration of Dong Qichang's ability to connoisseurship, the second is the cherishing of Dong Qichang's calligraphy and painting works, and the third is the admiration of Dong Qichang's calligraphy aesthetics and artistic thoughts.
1. Gao Shiqi's admiration for Dong Qichang's ability to connoisseurship
Dong Qichang traveled north and south and had a wide range of knowledge. When he was young, Dong Qichang got acquainted with the great collector Xiang Yuanbian, and was able to look at the authentic works of Xiang Zijing's collection, and during his tenure in Beijing, with the improvement of his official position and calligraphy and painting achievements, he was able to travel with many collectors: "The collection and appreciation house of Chang'an Palace gathers from time to time, and it is beyond what Xiang has seen, and there is an increase every day. First of all, Dong himself has superb literary and artistic accomplishment, and his achievements in painting and calligraphy creation and painting history are famous all over the world, and secondly, Dong Qichang has long been in the most prominent position, so that when he meets friends with literature or officials, he sees a lot of fine paintings and calligraphy, which provides important conditions for his calligraphy and painting collection. According to Shen Defu's "Wanli Ye Ed.", it is recorded that "in recent years, Dong Taishi has been the last to rise, and his name is also the most important, and people return to it with the eyes of the law." The collection of the connoisseurs of the Zheng Dynasty is beautiful by the times", the people of the time compared Dong Qichang with the great connoisseurs of the time, such as Han Shineng, Xiang Zijing, Wang Shizhen and others, it can be seen that Dong had a wide influence in the connoisseurship at that time, and even for a long time afterward, Dong Qichang's opinions on the appraisal of calligraphy and painting were regarded as an unbreakable truth.
Gao Shiqi highly admired Dong Qichang's ability to connoisseurship, and Gao Shiqi often agreed with Dong Qichang's appraisal opinions in "Jiangcun Pinxialu", such as Dong Qichang's comment in "Song Minangong Shu Zhuti Poetry Volume": "Mi Yuanzhang's volume is like a lion catching an elephant, and he should go all out to go to it, and it should be a lifelong cooperation." "The right rice book, covered with the old method with a bald writer, ancient and lovely. Gao Shiqi said in the following words: "Shu weaving Su Wu silk world, Mi Dianshu Mai Ou Yu faction." In and out of the Wei and Jin dynasties, it is naïve, and the wind is extremely happy. I want to climb the Haidai Tower in the autumn of the past, and the gestures are surging. Qingxiong is super wonderful, and he washes his mind and stubbornness. Xining made and practiced Yuan Youshu, and it was not damaged after 600 years. The lion catches the elephant metaphor for the power of the pen, and it is suspected that there is a dragon to protect the gods. Gao Shiqi used Dong Qichang's comments on the two most classic words of the rice, "wind and horses" and "lions catch elephants", and the focus of Mi Fu's works are on the naïve and heroic use of the pen, the ups and downs of the knot, it can be said that Gao Shiqi's inscription is more like Dong Qichang's inscription supplement and germination. In "Song Mi Yuanhui Yunshan Proud Volume", Song Zengmao once designated this volume as Mi Yuanzhang's work: "Yuan Zhang was involved in a lot of learning in his early years, and he was the king of Fa Zhong in his later years. This Yuan You's first work is also, the wind god is scattered, the so-called natural. Later, Wu Kuan also believed that it was made by Nangong. Dong Qichang pointed out Zeng Mao's mistake in the inscription, believing that this volume was made by Mi Yuanhui: "Mi Yuanhui's painting is conceited above Wang Youcheng. Looking at the ink drama in his later years, he really washed the courtyard of the Song Dynasty and took creation as a teacher, and built the mound of the North Garden of my family. This volume is also its proud pen, and then Zeng's Ba thought it was a Yuan chapter, which was mistaken. Dong Qichang question. Gao Shiqi also followed Dong Qichang's statement in the inscription: "The mountains and clouds and mountains are covered by rain, and there are a few people in front of the stream and behind the stream." Jiangxiang Lake is more similar, and the trees and forests recognize the rice family. Xiaoxiang smoke and water are cloudless, and there are many clouds and mountains in Jingkou. The drizzle and slanting wind are infinitely good, who will be fishing in the boat. ”
2. Gao Shiqi's cherishing of Dong Qichang's calligraphy and painting works
In Jiangcun Sales Summer Record", Gao Shiqi not only listed Dong Qichang's works, but also had such an inscription on Dong Qichang's works: "....The antiquity of the painting goes without saying. It has always been taught, Si Weng has been detailed, on the side of the two sides, small Kai Zhijia. "Dong Xuanzaiba, all exquisite. Dong Wenmin walked on the water silk in front of the painting, and the calligraphy was beautiful. When Gao got a genuine piece of calligraphy and painting from Dong Qichang, he sighed: "There are these volumes that can be scrapped." In addition to showing his admiration for Dong Qichang's calligraphy in his calligraphy and painting records, Gao also has a detailed record and commentary on Dong Qichang's calligraphy after Dong Qichang's miscellaneous books (Xuande notebook, eight pieces, regular script).
The beauty of the fur is like a new flower with dew, Dong Wenmin's book is like a hibiscus out of the water, and then there is the Shen Xiong of Du Shi, and the vigor of Xu Jihai. Yu Xiang Tibetan Wenmin's "Qianwen", "Dancing Crane Fu", "Pipa Xing", and recently "Moon Fu" and "Dayjin Tang Ji", all of which are good deeds. Since the loss of the couple, there is no concubine in the room, and several volumes of books have been used to share the morning and evening. Kangxi Wuyin, when the new bamboo shoots bloom late.
Youyun: Jingkou Zhang's "Temple Tablet", now into the big inside, Yu Zeng saw, the structure is neat, the penmanship is round and beautiful, Si Weng is deeply meaningful. In the summer, the rain is dense, take this view at night, suddenly feel that the mind is open, and there is a sunny color in front of the steps. Xi Xiaoyi got the authentic work of "Lanting", out of Shanyin, thousands of flowers bloomed on the road, and he saw that the chemical industry was in line with people. On April 4, the bamboo window was recalled.
Youyun: ....Take Wen Min's book "Peach Blossom Fu" to look at it, the so-called valley is like a dream when he was a teenager. Recently, he got Zong Bokai's book "Le Yi Theory", which can be confronted with this volume and "Moon Fu". I can't write when I feel lazy, and I can talk about my ears. Kangxi Gengyin is in the first month.
This text can be said to be heartfelt and touching, and it is conceivable that Gao Shiqi relied on Dong Qichang's books to talk about ** after the early death of his beloved wife. Looking at Dong's calligraphy and painting, Gao Shiqi even had a change in his mood, "suddenly his mind opened, and there was a sunny color in front of the steps". It can be said that the mood and calligraphy and painting works have reached a kind of integration, reaching a state of state of mind and forgetting, so that future generations can feel his sincere feelings for Dong's calligraphy and painting. Gao Shiqi's love for Dong Qichang's calligraphy and painting works is also reflected in the dedication to Dong's works to find and collect, Gao Shiqi Kangxi 38 years said: "Recently, I heard that Dong Wenmin's book "Le Yi Theory" is very good, and the autumn and August mail books beggar, and Zhao Songxue Cheng's heart hall paper is in Chu Henan Yu post to send nostalgia. In winter and December, Sikong took this as a gift ......Gao Shiqi exchanged Zhao Mengfu's works for Dong Qichang's "Le Yi Theory", which shows his cherishing of Dong's calligraphy. According to Zhang Zhao's record from Sun Zhang Xianghe:
Xiangguang's "Jingmen Xing" is a genuine work, and he remembers the clouds: "Li Beihai's "Yunlu Tablet", one fat and one thin. This is like "Thinking Training Tablet", a collection of Li Qunyu's poems, and he learned it when he was young. Xin Wei April Wang, Qichang. Gaojiangcun Bayun: "Zongboshu Jingshi Zhengyangmen's "Guandi Temple Tablet" is purely based on the Beihai method, and for 20 years, it is impossible to find this kind of book. It is returned to Jiangcun, occasionally gets the volume, the penmanship is sluggish, the frame is strictly neat, such as the temple Hulian, the antique color is considerable, and people dare not blaspheme. Yu read the book of Tianhua Zhai Badong: "The book of Linbeihai that I saw in my life, with the "Dazhao Zen Master Tablet" as the most, to the Gao family in Jiangcun, and then fell to Jia Zhu, and now belongs to the Jiang family of Yushan. There are also silk books from various families, which contain "Jingmen Xing", until "the skin is ringing in the ears", Gao Wenke's grandson Xing Cao Zhi refers to the birth of treasures. "It is the collection of the Gao family, and there is still a silk copy, but I regret not seeing it.
It can be seen that when collecting Dong's calligraphy and paintings, Gao Shiqi is not as open-minded as he said in "Jiangcun Sales Summer Record", but he can do "clouds and smoke through the eyes". "For 20 years, I have not been able to find this kind of book", which shows that he has also "tried his best to save money". As recorded in the text, it is a pity that the descendants of the Gao family did not preserve Gao Shiqi's old collection well, and the eldest grandson Gao Dai once borrowed the "Dong Wenmin Lin Various Scrolls" collected by the Gao family to enjoy it, and when he returned it, he found that the original work had been destroyed. He wrote an indignant inscription: "This volume was borrowed from Beijing to cut off a section of Dong Shu for him, and he went to his father, Wen Ke, and Gong Gong, and he was very indignant." Today, a total of seven traces of Dong are connected, and 1,282 words are counted in the hard connection, which is specially recorded here to prevent future troubles. ”
Gao Shiqi's painstaking collection of calligraphy and painting is ill-fated, and people can't help but sigh when they think about it.
3. Gao Shiqi's admiration for Dong Qichang's calligraphy aesthetics and artistic thoughts
The social environment and cultural atmosphere of the Ming Dynasty shaped Dong Qichang's aesthetic thoughts, and in the context of the convergence of the three religions in the late Ming Dynasty, the academic theories of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism profoundly influenced the literati and doctors at that time. Under the influence of mind and Zen, Dong Qichang formed an aesthetic pursuit of "light" as beauty, emphasizing that the creation of calligraphy and painting should be plain and straightforward, and directly express the spirit, as Dong Qichang said: "If it is a seed, there are raw and ripe." Follow the industry to find out, and also follow this side. "His aesthetic ideas and artistic concepts are mostly based on Zen Yue's temperament, reflecting his unique artistic ideas and spiritual temperament. Dong Qichang's calligraphy style is virtual and rhyme, the wind god is superb, and the pen is ethereal. In Dong Qichang's book on the common "bland", "simple", "light" and other words, to "bland" and "naïve" for the pursuit, the so-called "a word natural eternal new, luxury fall to see the truth", such as its evaluation Mi Fu:
Mi Haiyue can't be like it in his life, and Gai is also a scholar of the early Tang Dynasty official books, and he is a little spineless. Under the lamp for this, it is not right. Although it is not vulgar, it is radiant, that is, it is inferior to the ancients. Growing old and mature is to make it bland, Mi Lao is still separated from the dust, dare to promise to be realisticThe title is ashamed.
Gao Shiqi did not have a systematic theoretical work on calligraphy, but his view of calligraphy can be reflected in his Kangxi Jiaxuba's "Dong Qichang Linjin Tang and Misu Ti".
Kangxi Jiaxu in April, the beginning of the yin. Reviewing Dong Huating's calligraphy and paintings, from morning to noon, I felt slightly tired. Suddenly, at this volume, the spirit was suddenly high. Guzhi pen and ink are more pleasant than silk and bamboo, and it is the most suitable to be simple and quiet with me. Neiyan Pingyuan said: "There is no way to see people's hearts, and current affairs are only known to God." "Every time I check the feelings of friends, I will make friends face to face. I heard that the Holy Son of Heaven was still in isolation, and the plain language seemed to be my way.
Suddenly, to this volume, the spirit is booming", Dong Shu has such an effect on it, which shows Gao Shiqi's obsession with Dong Shu, and it can be seen that pen and ink are the most suitable for Gao Shiqi to be "simple and quiet". He thinks that Dong Shu has the most faint and sloppy taste, and has the charm of the Jin people who are chic and mortal, which is also the most consistent with his character. Gao's life was indifferent and quiet, and he was fond of mountains and rivers, and he inscribed after the "Yuan Fang Fang Hu Yunlin Zhongxiu Volume".
Since the past, I loved the famous mountain, and I was tired of climbing the calendar. When the lake is a water town, Cen Xiu is difficult to find. The old traces see the square pot, and the next pen is exciting. The peaks are chaotic, and the barren stream leans on the reeds. The clouds are full of smoke and smoke, and the verdant is dripping. When the snow window is rolled, the road is comfortable. Because of this, everything is broken. The river flowers bloom slowly, and the mountain birds cry lonely. Talking about this open-mindedness, there is no hard work on the wall. The household is oligo, and the dust is safe with polyester
In the inscription of "Song Dong Beiyuan Rivers and Mountains High Hidden Map", it also shows the meaning of returning to the mountains and forests:
After coming to the imperial capital for more than ten years, the tired donkey broke his hat and repeatedly appeared in books. Only then did he slack out the empty and be ashamed, and the wild sex would eventually return to the woodfishing. I can't ride the wind and waves in life, and I can enjoy myself in the mountains in front of books. Hu is a servant in the red dust, and the spring water and autumn mountains are melancholy. Phi Tu doesn't feel homesick, when will he be on the waves?
In addition, Gao Shiqi's books also show a beautiful and elegant style of writing, delicate and simple, gentle and pleasant, but they are not out of the Dong family's boundaries. It is worth playing with Gao Shiqi's "Shan Ren", which has to be associated with Dong Qichang, who advocates emptiness and Xiao Shu. This kind of bland and sparse calligraphy aesthetics and artistic taste are the same as those of Nanzong, which was admired by the painting circles in the early Qing Dynasty. Gao Shiqi's seals also have many seals of the distant and ethereal Zen realm, such as "Maosong Qingquanchen must also", "do not use the three public to change this day", "the taste of idle work", "cold life", "Xiao Ran's self-indulgence Wuer nameless", "Jian Jingzhai" and so on. On the one hand, Gao Shiqi is clever and drilling, bothering to operate, talking day and night with the ministers of close servants, and on the other hand, advocating leisure and indifferent life, thinking that it is the ups and downs of the sea and the bitterness of self-knowledge.
Conclusion
As a courtier who worships the inner court, it is inevitable that Gao Shiqi will not speculate on the holy will in the "good things from above". His idea of "worshipping Dong" may not be as simple as that of ordinary literati, but perhaps one of its purposes is as Mr. Zhang Bing said: "to use the influence of Dong Shu to gain the emperor's sense of identity with Han intellectuals." It can be said that in the Kangxi period, Gao Shiqi played a role in the trend of "imitating incense", and his calligraphy works were also greatly influenced by Dong Shu, showing some common characteristics. Gao Shiqi's influence in the calligraphy and painting collection circle at that time cannot be ignored, and his tendency to worship Dong was to participate in and lead the calligraphy and cultural atmosphere at that time.
The author is a Ph.D. candidate at Catoli University, South Korea