The head of the family has been passed down from generation to generation, and the name of the family in the world accounts for two heads.
This is Yuan Haowen's record of Lu Gulu's family affairs in "Continuation of Yi Jianzhi". The Lugu Lu family was a famous imperial examination family in Beijing during the Liaojin period, and 9 people in the eight dynasties were promoted, and 3 of them won the top prize, which is a miracle.
The Lu family is good at poetry, and Lu Yu (also known as Lu Zao, 慥, make the same sound) is known as "the world of resignation", but Yuan Hao asked in the "Zhongzhou Collection", did not select his works, and recorded that "it is said that his eldest father is the heir, the father is loyal to the heir and the son are the champions", but Lu Yu's grandfather is called Lu Siyan, not called Lu Yansi, and is not the champion;Lu Yu's father is the champion, named Lu Zhonghan, not Lu Zhonghei. Misremembering this, it can be seen that Yuan Haowen is not very concerned about the Lu family.
Lu Yu made a big joke, and presented a poem to the emperor of the Jin Dynasty on the Double Ninth Festival, and there was a strange sentence like "The festival is close to the Chongyang Festival, and the ministers are ecstatic", "Shang (Jin Zhangzong) laughed, and ordered the external supplement (that is, the Beijing official was transferred abroad and the official was demoted)".
Lu Yu "Before the first time, the dream golden dragon meandered down from the sky, grabbing and eating it. It is the year of Yikui South Province, and the word endowment is followed by the promotion of Dianyuan", why is the level so unbearable?
Inventory of the Jin Dynasty imperial examination, there are many families, there are Hunyuan (now belonging to Datong City, Shanxi Province) Liu, Yizhou (now belonging to Yi County, Hebei Province) Jing, Fengrun (now belonging to Tangshan City, Hebei Province) Lu, etc., and there are many brothers, such as Taiyuan Wang Xuan (sound such as familiar, the word Junyu), Wang Qiyu, Wang Ruyu, Liaoyang (now Liaoning Province) Zhang Fu, Zhang Yong, Zhang Ran, Zhongshan Yongping (now Hebei Province) Zhao Siwen, Zhao Qufei, Jiangzhou (now Shanxi Province) Sun Zhen, Sun Qi, Sun Xuan and other ......The existence of excessive concentration and family monopoly shows that the imperial examination of the Jin Dynasty had huge shortcomings.
In 2007, Beijing conducted an archaeological excavation of the Lu family cemetery in Lugu, Shijingshan District, and gained an in-depth understanding of this Xueba family.
The epitaph of Jun Han in Dongping County unearthed from the Lu family cemetery in the Jin Dynasty of Lugu was written by Lu Yu. This Han family is Mrs. Lu Zhongmin, who was born in a Han family - the Han family (**from Beijing Evening News).
In order to escape the war, he fled to Beijing.
The Lu Gu Lu family is a descendant of Jiang Taigong, the founding general of the Zhou Dynasty.
According to the scholar Miao Linlin's research, after the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang, Jiang Taigong was sealed in the Qi land in the north of Shandong, and the descendants "were awarded by merit and passed on to Yiye (generation after generation)", since Qin, "the world is for everyone, the gentry are listed, and there is no shortage of people in the generations", and then divided into Dongping (now Tai'an City, Shandong Province) Lu Shi, Donglai (now Yantai, Weihai in Shandong Province) Lu Shi two branches. Due to the rebellion of the five dynasties, the Dongping Lu clan entered the Liao, and the Donglai Lu clan entered the Song Dynasty.
Donglai Lu family is one of the 25 most prominent families in the Song Dynasty, there is a saying that "people in the world talk about the prosperity of clothing, and they must take the Lu family as the family" and "the family of this dynasty is the ruler, and the Lu family is the most prosperous". Lü Mengzheng, Lü Yijian, Lü Gongshu, and Lü Haowen all paid homage to each other, while Lü Benzhong and Lü Zuqian were masters of science. There are more than 120 people from the Donglai Lu family. In the Song Dynasty, where "scholars do not ask about family background, and marriage does not ask about valve reading", it can be called rare.
As for the Dongping Lu family, according to the scholar Yu Tong's ** "Research on the Lugu Lu Family in the Liaojin Period", it is "to avoid chaos and migrate to Miaoyin (now belonging to Tongzhou District, Beijing), so it is a Yan people, and the hidden virtue is not a Shi". The first generation of Lu Yin, "Qiu Yuan Gengjie, Jin Yuqi people, digging wells and cultivating the fields", was just an ordinary farmer. The second generation of Lu Mi also farmed, although he had the title of "Prince Washing Horses", his wife was named "Mrs. South Korea", which was posthumously awarded to his son Lu Demao after he became the prime minister.
Lü Mi's two sons, Lü Demao and Lü Defang, were both born in the Liao Dynasty.
Lü Demao was the champion of the twelfth year of unification (994), and served as the deputy envoy of Guoxin to the Northern Song Dynasty, and the official was the prime minister. Liao Shengzong encountered a tiger during a hunt, and suffered several accidents, and his entourage Chen Zhaogon stepped forward to save Liao Shengzong's life, and Liao Shengzong ordered Zhang Jian and Lu Demao to "endow them with beauty". Lu Demao can be said to be with the famous minister Zhang Jian, which shows that the literary talent is extraordinary.
Lu Defang is also in the first department, and once served as the assassin of Confucianism and Shunzhou, and should be the third grade**.
He can write poetry, but he can't write edicts.
Lü Demao's heirs were not prosperous, and his son Lü (whose name on the tombstone is difficult to identify) was raised in the seventh year of Kaitai (1018), he was an official for 20 years, only five grades, and gave birth to four children, when he died, none of the children were minors, and Lü Demao's descendants were buried. Lu Defang's vein is branching out.
Lü Defang's son Lü Shi'an was also born in the imperial examination, and served as an official in Wujing (Shangjing Linhuang Mansion, Zhongjing Dading Mansion, Tokyo Liaoyang Mansion, Nanjing Xijin Mansion, Xijing Datong Mansion), and was highly valued, including the former Shaoyin (deputy mayor) of Xijin Mansion (Beijing), he "Within five years, he was the third of the three people in the county, and the people were overflowing, all of them were called gods", and in his later years, he was "indifferent to power, and tasted the old beggars, and the praise of the former sages". Lu Shi'an served as an official for 44 years, and finally Ronglu Doctor (that is, Guanglu Doctor, avoiding the secret of Liao Taizong Yelu Deguang), from the second grade. In December of the seventh year of Chongxi (1038), he died in Yanjing Yongpingfang at the age of 75.
Lu Shi'an's son Lu Siyan became famous as a young man, and has the reputation of "not the head is the champion, not the head is the second brother", but he succeeded in the imperial examination five times, "Shi is in Liaoji, and he takes the test for more than ten numbers, but the county order". After Jin destroyed Liao, Lu Siyan was reused by the Jin Dynasty, and was promoted to the fifth rank in two years, "died of illness and died at the age of sixty and five".
Lü Siyan's son Lü Kai-shek was admitted to the last imperial examination of the Liao Dynasty, and then followed his father Shijin and went to Anzhou to assassinate the history, and was the fifth grade. Lu Yan, another son of Lu Siyan, failed to pass the imperial examination, although he was "generous and talented", he was only on the five grades, and he was in charge of the warehouse and taxes.
Among the grandchildren of Lu Siyan, Lu Zhonghan "raised Zhenyuan (the second year of Zhenyuan of Hailing, that is, 1154) Jinshi first", and was the second champion of the Lu family in Lugu. After King Hailing was killed, Jin Shizong asked Lu Zhonghan to draft the "Edict of the King of Hailing", Lu Zhonghan "repeated four times, and finally could not fulfill his intentions", and the people of the time thought that "although the champion is endowed with words, as for resignation, he may not be able to do everything", but it is not excluded that Lu Zhonghan has the intention of not forgetting the old master.
The Lu family wanted to break through but failed.
Lu Zhongjie, Lu Zhongwei, Lu Zhongmei, Lu Zhongyan, and Lu Zhongyi, who were of the same generation as Lu Zhonghan, did not pass the imperial examination and had to be a military officer for a lifetime.
Lü Zhonghan's son Lü Yu won the champion again in the second year of Jin Zhangzong Cheng'an (1197), which was the third champion of the Lu Gu Lu family, at this time the Jin Dynasty began to decline, Lü Yu was not reused in his life, and it seems that he only served as a court official such as Hanlin to be controlled (Zheng Wupin) and Right Si Ji (Zheng Qipin), mainly to write articles.
Among the descendants of the Lu Gu Lu family, Lu Zhongxiong, Lu Zhonglin, etc. also became officials, but their achievements were not high because they had no scientific names. As the Jin Dynasty fell into chaos, the Lu family gradually withdrew from the stage of history.
From ordinary farmers to "Yan Ju clan", the Lu family has four characteristics:
First of all, the Liaojin Revolution had little impact on the Lu family. In the history of China, there have been successive changes of dynasties, the upper class has been in fierce turmoil, but the middle and lower classes have not moved, and the change of dynasties often cannot shake the social foundation.
Secondly, whether the imperial examination can succeed determines the future of the children of the Lu family. Although Lu Demao is the prime minister, he can't change this rule.
Third, the Lugu Lu family tried to break through. For example, Lu Shi'an married the daughter of Han Shaowen, Han Shaowen is the great-grandson of Han Yanhui, the founding father of the Liao State. He is one of the heroes of his life. "Lu Shi'an's second son Lu Siru and third son Lu Siyan are married to the daughters of the Han family;Lü Shi'an's granddaughter married into the Han family, and Lü Han may have intermarried for four generations. The children of the Lu family who failed to succeed in the imperial examination can become military officials, or help from the Han family, but they are only minor officials of the seventh or eighth grade.
Fourth, the Lugu Lu family has a binding relationship with the imperial dynasty. The rise of the dynasty, the children of the Lu family have achievements;The dynasty declined, and the children of the Lu family were marginalized.
The imperial examination family seized the opportunity.
Why did the Jin Dynasty attach importance to the Lugu Lu family?Because the traditional production methods of the Jurchens are different from those of the Central Plains, people with experience in Han land management are required to undertake specific tasks such as taxation and management, and the children of the family are useful.
When the Jin army first entered the Central Plains, "everything was broken, and the Han people who got it were cut off, so that the horses and burdens were controlled, the women, the good ones were plundered, and the old and ugly ones were killed", according to the "Moaning Language": "During the heavenly meeting, there were no less than 200,000 men and women in the Song Dynasty, and those who could support themselves with craftsmanship were quite self-sufficient, and the children of the rich relatives were reduced to slaves, and they were not good at cooking and herding horses, and they were not their strengths, and they were whipped (suffered) every day. "Productivity has been devastated.
The high-ranking rulers of the Jin dynasty realized that it was in their best interest to recuperate. In the sixth year of Tianfu (1122), before entering Yanjing, Jin Taizu issued an edict to the officials and people of Yanjing: "Where the king goes, those who descend will forgive their sins, and the officials will still be there." In February of the seventh year of Tianfu (1123), Jin Taizu's edict was completed and Yan Gao said: "The newly attached people, those who have the ability to do so, can be hired." ”
In the first month of the sixth year of Tianhui (1128), the Jin Dynasty held the "North and South Selection" for the first time, that is, "the north selects the word fu, and the south selects the scriptures", and through the imperial examination, the Han people are selected**. With the continuous regularization of the imperial examination in the Jin Dynasty, there were a total of 227 people in the six Shangshu of the Jin Dynasty, of which 108 were Han Chinese.
With the help of Han scholars, the Jin Dynasty gradually improved the tax system, stabilized production, "rules and regulations are all from scholars", and strengthened internal management. Scholar Liu Meiyun hooked and sank, and Jin Xizong "cleared the road when he went out, and he was in the ninth place when he entered." The old heroes are not only incompatible, but they are still not seen at the right time. Looking at the steps, the hole is divided into the sky", the imperial power ** replaced the Bo Ji Lie system without distinction between dignity and inferiority, and the emperor of the Jin Dynasty has no difference from the traditional emperor of the Central Plains.
The imperial examination can break the identity system, why did many imperial examination families appear in the Jin Dynasty?Due to the long-term social turmoil of the Jin Dynasty, it is difficult for ordinary families to make a living, how can they have the spare energy to train their children?It provides an opportunity for a large family monopoly.
Education cannot be a show.
According to scholar Liu Xiaofei in "Research on the Family Form of the Han Nationality in the Jin Dynasty", the average Jurchen household in the Jin Dynasty was 8, and the Han household was only 5. King Jin Hailing, Jin Shizong, and Jin Zhangzong all respect the old and give officials, and the elderly over 70 years old can make up for an official and enjoy the corresponding treatment, "three generations live together in the home of filial piety, and the commission belongs to the imperial court, and the family is still exempted from paying for three years", giving honor and reducing conscription, but ordinary families are still dominated by husband and wife plus three children.
On the one hand, during the 120 years of the Jin Dynasty, more than 130 wars were fought, and the country was poor and the people were poor.
According to the military system of the Jin Dynasty, the Han people used the "signing army" system, which was taken from the people. "Gui Qianzhi" said: "The Jin Dynasty's military system is the most disadvantageous, every time there is a conquest or border provocation, it is easy to order the signing of the army, and the state and county are in turmoil. There are a number of good men in his family, or they can pick everything up, cry and complain, and the family thinks it is bitter. ”
In the last year of Yuanguang (Jin Xuanzong, 1222-1223), Liu Yuangui (60 years old), who had retired from the household department, and Liu Congyi, the former superintendent of the imperial history, were all recruited. The students were also recruited, and "the lantern was held up at night......Those who extinguish the lamp die" and "all beings are very miserable".
Scholars have no dignity, and people naturally do not want their children to study.
On the other hand, according to the statistics of scholar Wu Yuhuan, a total of 284 natural disasters of various kinds occurred in the Jin Dynasty, about 24 times, starting from Jin Zhangzong, the average annual is as high as 38 times. Records such as "rats are as big as rabbits, ten hundred are flocks, and the crops they pass are empty" and other records abound.
During the reign of Jin Shizong, there was a stable situation of "taxes are not as good as tithes, and there is nothing except two taxes", but as a conquering dynasty, the Jin Dynasty has never been able to establish the legitimacy of its rule, and can only emphasize filial piety one-sidedly. Jin Hailing took "loyal ministers and filial sons" as the title of the poem, and the Jin Dynasty stipulated, "for grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters, and aunts who cut shares......and entrusted his subordinates to apply for the imperial court, and the officials supported five horses of silk, two sheep and two empty sheep, and two bottles of wine, in order to persuade filial piety." These unrealistic, show-like encouragement and education have made the people disgusted.
Monopolizing private learning makes all parties lose.
In contrast, the imperial examination family mostly lived in a cluster, with the father giving the father, the father giving the son, and the women of the family also participating. For example, in Lu Gulu's family, after Lu Zhongmin's death, his wife Han "lived in the countryside, guarded the grave, and taught his son to read for more than ten years".
Scholar Liu Xiaofei pointed out in "On the Family Education Methods of the Han Family in the Jin Dynasty" that the official qualifications of the Jin Dynasty were too strict: Guozixue only recruited "relatives of the clan and relatives and queens, meritorious heroes and official brothers and grandchildren of the third grade or above";Taixue only recruits "official brothers and grandsons above the fifth grade";"The government has tried to taste the court test and the royal family to exempt the above relatives, and to relieve the people";"State learning, then add the fifth grade or above, the brother of the sixth official of the dynasty, the brother of the Yu official, the grandson of the government, the same domestic people to try to make up one of the three, the descendants of the temple house in the Que Li are more than thirteen years old, and the number of people recommended by the government and the final exemption shall not exceed 20 people."
All combined, if there are no more than 20,000 Han officials and students, the powerful families monopolize private learning, and they can ensure the promotion of their children and grandchildren, making the seemingly fair game of the imperial examination unfair.
Only a few members of the imperial examination family were selected, and they could only study and take exams, and their abilities were poor, which made the Jurchen nobles dissatisfied. Emperor Jin likes to promote ** from the guards, these guards are the descendants of the Jurchen nobles, loyal, strong practical work ability, and have served the monarch for a long time, easy to be trusted, and they are extremely disdainful of the ** from the imperial examination.
According to scholars Dong Kechang and Dong Yujun, by the end of the Jin Dynasty, the Jurchen aristocracy "liked officials and hated Confucianism" and "strict inspection" gradually became the mainstream, resulting in various organs "when the officials are good at authority, scholars often attach to them", these officials can rely on the emperor's grace to be unscrupulous.
For example, Wu Gu Theory, who was originally a true mage, pretended to be crazy, bare-headed and bare-footed, and threatened to convince the sergeants to not eat food and continue to fight. Another example is the town marshal Shi Lieya, "I don't like literati in particular, and those who have subordinates are intercepted by soldiers."
There are many scholars but no talents, and the infighting is fierce, how can the Jin Dynasty not die?(ENDS).
Written by Cai Hui.