Forty-five years ago, the land of China ushered in a great turning point of far-reaching historical significance - the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held, and a historic decision was made to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the country to economic construction and implement reform and opening up. A new page has been turned in urban development.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the general secretary of the Communist Party of China has scientifically grasped the general trend of urban development, gained a deep insight into the law of urban development, and made a series of important expositions on urban work, pointing out the direction of progress and providing fundamental guidance for urban work in the new era.
This year marks the 45th anniversary of reform and opening up. Standing at a new historical juncture, looking back on the achievements and experiences of urban development since the reform and opening up, especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, is not only a tribute to the past, but also a declaration for the future.
The green landscape along Renmin Road in Huangpu District, Shanghai is beautiful, and the landmark of Lujiazui in Pudong is spectacular in the distance. People's Vision.
Unleash surging momentum in the hukou reform
Standing in Huacheng Square, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, looking around, there are high-rise buildings, row upon row, and the atmosphere of a modern metropolis is coming. More than 30 years ago, this prosperous land was full of farmland and few people. The historic changes that have taken place in Tianhe District of Guangzhou City are a microcosm of China's urbanization process since the reform and opening up.
Since the reform and opening up, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization process in the history of the world. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the first comrade as the core has attached great importance to the urbanization work, held the first urbanization work conference, clarified the guiding ideology, main objectives, basic principles and key tasks of promoting urbanization, and promoted China's urbanization construction to achieve historic achievements.
The imprint of historical progress is clearer in retrospect and comparison.
In 1978, the urbanization rate of China's permanent population was only 1792%, and the urbanization rate of the country's permanent population will reach 65 in 202222%, an increase of more than 47 percentage points, and many developed countries have achieved more than twice the urbanization rate at the same stage.
In 1978, China's urban permanent population was only 172.45 million, and in 2022, the national urban permanent population will reach 920.71 million, an increase of 748.26 million.
In 1978, there were 193 cities in China, and in 2022, the number of cities in the country will reach 691, an increase of 498, an increase of 258 times.
In 1981, the built-up area of cities in China was only 7,4380 square kilometers, and the built-up area of cities in the country will reach 63,676 in 20224 square kilometers, an increase of 562384 square kilometers, an increase of 756 times.
A group of data has witnessed the pace of urbanization in China from multiple dimensions.
Shen Chi, deputy director of the China Center for Urban and Small Town Reform and Development, commented: "Over the past 45 years of reform and opening up, China has embarked on a path of urbanization that conforms to the general laws of urbanization and has Chinese characteristics, and China's great achievements in urbanization have been recognized by the world. China's urbanization development has matched China's economic development since the reform and opening up, and avoided the polarization between the rich and the poor and the phenomenon of large-scale urban slums in other countries in urbanization. ”
Xiao Jincheng, chairman of the China Society of Territorial Economics and former director of the Institute of Land Development and Regional Economy of the National Development and Reform Commission, wrote in an article on the relationship between urbanization and reform and opening up: "China's urbanization begins with opening up and reform, and almost accompanies the whole process of reform and opening up. ”
And that's exactly what happened. Taking the hukou system as an example, it is linked to population movement on the one hand and urban development on the other. Over the past 45 years of reform and opening up, the characteristics of high mobility of the Chinese population have become more and more obvious, and the reform of the household registration system has promoted the "two-way travel" of population, talents and towns.
In July 2014, the "Opinions on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System" was issued, proposing to fully relax the restrictions on settlement in organized towns and small cities, and orderly relax the restrictions on settlement in medium-sized cities.
In April 2019, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) issued the "Key Tasks for the Construction of New Urbanization in 2019", mentioning that on the basis of the previous removal of settlement restrictions in small and medium-sized cities and small towns with a permanent urban population of less than 1 million, large cities with a permanent urban population of 1 million to 3 million should be completely abolishedLarge cities with a permanent population of 3 million to 5 million in urban areas should relax the conditions for settlement and remove restrictions on the settlement of key groups.
In July 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Implementation of New Urbanization", which once again mentioned deepening the reform of the household registration system, specifically involving the relaxation of settlement restrictions except for individual megacities, the full abolition of settlement restrictions in cities with a permanent population of less than 3 million, the comprehensive relaxation of the settlement conditions for Type I cities with a permanent population of 3 million to 5 million, and the improvement of the points settlement policy for megacities with a permanent population of more than 5 million. Encourage the abolition of the annual quota limit for settlement.
It is not difficult to see from the above-mentioned policy documents that China's reform of the household registration system has been steadily advancing, from organized towns and small cities to cities with a permanent population of less than 3 million, and then to super megacities with a permanent population of more than 5 million.
Shen Chi believes that urbanization and the process of economic and social development promote each other, and increase with the improvement of the level of social and economic development. At this stage, China's economic development has shifted from a stage of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development. Correspondingly, focusing on quantitative growth and turning to equal emphasis on quantitative accumulation and qualitative improvement will be a major trend in China's urbanization development.
In Shen Chi's view, the fundamental driving force for the future development of urbanization is still economic development, and technological progress and the modernization of urban governance capabilities will play an increasingly important role. For example, through technological advancement, cities can serve more people with less resource consumption and enhance the comprehensive carrying capacity of cities.
In the future, there is still a lot of room for development in China's urbanization. Zhang Weiwen, dean of the China New Urbanization Research Institute of Zhejiang University, believes that according to the general law of world urbanization development, China is still in the rapid development range of 30% to 70% of the urbanization rate, and there is still a lot of potential for the development of the national urbanization rate.
Approaching the end of the year, new energy vehicle companies in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, went all out to grasp production, catch up with orders, and strive to sprint to the fourth quarter. The picture shows employees of Li Auto Base assembling new energy vehicles on the assembly line of the workshop. People's Vision.
Enhance comprehensive strength in economic development
Over the past 45 years, China's economic development has undergone tremendous changes. In 1978, China's GDP was only 367.9 billion yuan, and in 2022, it will reach 1210207 billion yuan.
Over the past 45 years, China's total economic output has jumped to the second place in the world, and its comprehensive national strength and international influence have achieved a historic leap. In 1978, China's economic aggregate ranked 11th in the world. In 2010, it surpassed Japan to become the world's second largest economy. In 2017, China's GDP was equivalent to 123 trillion US dollars, accounting for about 15% of the world's total economy.
According to the World Bank report, from 2013 to 2021, China's average contribution to world economic growth reached 386%。China has increasingly become a source of power for world economic growth and an anchor of stability.
While the total economic output of the whole country is constantly jumping, the total economic output of cities is also increasing by a large margin, and it has become an important force for the sustainable development of the national economy. In 1988, the country's GDP in urban areas was only 702.5 billion yuan, accounting for about half of the country's total. By 2016, China's urban GDP accounted for more than 80% of the country's total.
Chen Yao, vice president and secretary general of the China Association of Regional Economics, said that cities are the core growth poles of regional economic development. Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, a large number of surplus agricultural labor force has entered cities and towns, and the contribution of cities to the national economy has continued to expand.
GDP exceeding one trillion yuan is a symbol of a city's economic energy level. In 2022, there are 24 cities with a GDP exceeding one trillion yuan, namely Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Suzhou, Chengdu, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Tianjin, Ningbo, Qingdao, Wuxi, Changsha, Zhengzhou, Foshan, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Jinan, Hefei, Xi'an, Nantong and Dongguan.
In 2023, the "trillion club" is expected to expand again. In 2022, the GDP of Yantai and Changzhou will both exceed 950 billion yuan, and the GDP growth rate in the first three quarters of 2023 will significantly outperform the province and the country. In the first three quarters alone, the two cities collectively crossed the 700 billion yuan mark, laying a good foundation for the final sprint to the "trillion club".
At the same time, the trend of urban innovation-driven development is becoming increasingly obvious. Not long ago, the "Top 100 Global Science and Technology Innovation Centers (2023)" released by the Institute of Global Innovation and Development of East China Normal University showed that 23 of the top 100 cities in the world are from China, accounting for 5 of the top 30 cities, second only to the United States. Beijing's overall ranking rose to fourth, surpassing Japan's Tokyo to rank first in the Asia-Pacific region.
From Zhongguancun in Beijing to Zhangjiang in Shanghai, and then to Nanshan in Shenzhen;From the Internet in Hangzhou to the optoelectronic information in Wuhan to the new energy ...... in ChangzhouAt present, innovation highlands are rising, emerging industrial clusters are growing vigorously, and innovation is gradually becoming the primary driving force leading the high-quality development of cities.
Since the reform and opening up, the rapid development of the city is not only a digital growth, but also an all-round improvement of the city's comprehensive strength.
Taking urban infrastructure as an example, by the end of 2022, the length of urban roads in the country exceeded 5520,000 kilometers, the total length of urban rail transit completed and under construction reached 1440,000 kilometers, water supply penetration rate, gas penetration rate, sewage treatment rate reached respectively. 11%, the total length of water supply and drainage pipelines in the country reached 2.02 million kilometers, and a total of 6,655 kilometers of comprehensive pipe corridors were started.
As far as urban housing is concerned, according to the data of the Seventh National Population Census, the per capita housing floor area of urban and town households reached 36 respectively52 square meters, 4229 square meters, an increase of 7 compared with the sixth national census4 square meters, 103 square meters. China has built the world's largest housing security system, with a total of more than 63 million sets of various types of affordable housing and shantytown resettlement housingMore than 500 million people are happy to realize their dream of living in peace, and families with subsistence allowance and low-income housing difficulties have basically realized that they should be fully guaranteed.
Achieve green development in ecological construction
Maozhou River is the largest river in Shenzhen, and it is also the boundary river between Shenzhen and Dongguan, which meanders for 31After 3 kilometers, it joins the Pearl River and finally flows to the Lingding Ocean. In the 90s of the 20th century, with the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization on both sides of the strait, the water quality of the river basin deteriorated, the river was silted, and the black and smelly water body was called "a scar on Shenzhen's face".
In the Maozhou River Exhibition Hall in Shenzhen, a group of ammonia nitrogen index data from 2002 to 2015 in the national examination section of Gonghe Village revealed the severity of pollution in the Maozhou River that year: the highest ammonia nitrogen index reached 33 in the year70 milliliters, much higher than the 8 milliliters black odor standard.
In 2016, the Maozhou River started to control pollution in the whole basin. However, it is difficult to lay sewage trunks, control polluting enterprises, divert rain and sewage, treat sediment pollution, and coordinate at the junction ......of Shenzhen and DongguanThis is a difficult problem in front of the people who control the water of the Maozhou River.
In the face of these problems, Shenzhen took the lead in implementing the construction model of basin-wide governance and large-scale corps operations in the Maozhou River Basin, and set up a special river basin management center to unify the dispatch of plants, networks and rivers, so as to solve the problems of unclear responsibilities, poor scheduling and multi-headed management between different administrative divisions, different levels and different units in the basin.
After several years of hard work, the water quality of Maozhou River continues to improve, and the ecological dividend is being released at an accelerated pace. The ammonia nitrogen index of the national examination section of Gonghe Village increased from 23 in 20153 mg up to 1 in 202015 milligrams liters, the best level since 1992.
The management of Maozhou River is a microcosm of the remarkable achievements made in the construction of urban ecological civilization. Over the past 45 years of reform and opening up, China's environmental protection has gradually started, the concept of environmental protection has been gradually established, and a series of environmental protection laws and regulations and policy measures have been introduced, environmental protection investment has increased significantly, environmental pollution control has been continuously promoted, the construction of ecological environmental protection has been continuously strengthened, and the living environment of urban and rural residents has continued to improve.
Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the "five-in-one" overall layout has been established with Comrade Yi as the core, the top-level design and overall deployment of the construction of ecological civilization, and the green development as the basic concept of China's economic and social development in the "13th Five-Year Plan" and even a longer period.
In 2022, the proportion of days with good air quality in cities at and above the prefecture level reached 865%；The proportion of black and odorous water bodies in county-level cities has been eliminated by more than 40%, and the treatment of black and odorous water bodies in cities at and above the prefecture level has continued to be consolidated, and the average coverage rate of garbage classification in residential areas has reached 825%；The area and rate of green space in urban built-up areas exceeded 2.5 million hectares and 39%, respectively, and the per capita area of park green space reached 1529 sq.m. ......A set of data proves the fruitful results of the current urban ecological civilization construction.
Cultivate the urban temperament in the cultural inheritance
Located in Longhua District, Haikou City, the old street of Qilou condenses Haikou's market culture, architectural art culture, Nanyang culture, red culture, marine culture, etc., because of its unique style, it also forms a beautiful scenery in Haikou, attracting many young tourists to "check in".
The whole block of Haikou arcade old street is composed of 12 streets, covers an area of 1820 acres, arcade old street is also the largest preservation scale in our country today, the basic preservation of the arcade building complex, about 600 arcade buildings in the block, also includes five floors, bell tower, Haikou General Chamber of Commerce, Mrs. Xian Temple and other historical and cultural buildings.
Since 2010, the first departments at all levels have successively issued a number of management measures to repair the old arcade street. In the process of renovation, the local area specially retains the unique fireworks of the arcade, such as the hustle and bustle of the Dongmen market, the taste of spicy soup and rice, and excavates the local characteristic culture, restores the festival activities such as the public parade and the temple of Lady Xian, and restores the base on the basis of respecting the original appearance.
In urban and rural construction, history and culture are indispensable souls. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the general secretary has been concerned about the protection and inheritance of historical and cultural heritage for many times, and has made a series of strategic deployments in this regard, pointing out the direction for us to treat historical and cultural heritage correctly and better integrate it with urban and rural development.
In 2021, the "Opinions on Strengthening the Protection and Inheritance of Historical and Cultural Heritage in Urban and Rural Construction" issued by the General Office of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the Communist Party of China emphasized that it is necessary to "establish a system for the protection and inheritance of urban and rural history and culture with scientific classification, strong protection and effective management", and clearly put forward that "by 2025, a multi-level and multi-element urban and rural historical and cultural protection and inheritance system will be initially constructed" and "by 2035, a systematic and complete urban and rural historical and cultural protection and inheritance system will be fully completed".
In recent years, in the process of renovating old cities and developing new ones, many cities have insisted on paying equal attention to protection and development, and have made useful explorations in continuing the historical context of cities.
Don't engage in large-scale demolition and construction, and work embroidery. Through consultation, co-construction and sharing, Xiaoxihu in Nanjing has implemented a small-scale, gradual micro-renewal model, and the old city has been protected and improved for the integration and promotion of people's livelihood, which not only retains the architectural style and street texture of Xiaoxihu in the Ming and Qing dynasties, but also improves the living conditions of the aborigines.
Technology empowers protection and provides innovative experiences. Guangzhou Yongqingfang adopts the cutting-edge technology of material pathological diagnosis, restoration and monitoring of historical buildings, the scheme design based on on-site disease investigation and diagnosis, the restoration and implementation after experimental evaluation, and the continuous monitoring, evaluation and maintenance after restoration.
Multi-party participation and full play. Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Guangzhou and other places have actively mobilized experts from universities and research and design institutions to serve as community planners to comprehensively improve the professional standards of protection, restoration, revitalization and utilization, and cultural display.
At present, there are 142 national historical and cultural cities, 312 Chinese historical and cultural towns, 487 Chinese historical and cultural villages, more than 1,200 historical and cultural blocks, and 6 historical buildings350,000 places, becoming the most comprehensive, complete and systematic carrier of inheriting the excellent traditional Chinese culture.
Time, engraved with the magnificent history of the city;Time will witness the bright future of the city. Standing at a new important time node of reform and opening up, looking to the future, the chapter of high-quality urban development is slowly opening.
China City Daily reporter Xing Can.