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Why is our universe made entirely of matter?This problem is one of the most difficult in modern physics. If there had been an equal amount of matter and antimatter at the beginning of life in the universe, everything in the universe would have been annihilated long ago, but as far as we know, this did not happen. Recent research seems to have uncovered the root cause of the asymmetry in the amount of matter and antimatter in the universe. Today we are going to talk about one of them.
Every particle in the universe has its own anti-partner. For example, the antipartner of an electron is a positron, the antipartner of a proton is an antiproton, and so on. But there are also particles that are their own antiparticles, such as photons – such particles are known as true neutral particles.
The antiparticle has the same mass as its normal partner, but only the opposite number of charges, leptons, and baryons. When particles collide with their antiparticles, they are annihilated, i.e., they become photons. For example, when electrons and positrons are annihilated, a pair of photons is formed. In the process of annihilation, the mass of particles and antiparticles is completely converted into energy.
Antiparticles interact with each other in the same way as simple particles, so they can form atoms, or also known as antiatoms.
The first time people started talking about antimatter was at the end of the 19th century. In 1928, Paul Dirac was able to provide its rationale, while back in 1932, Karl Anderson first discovered it in the form of an anti-electron. Antielectrons are called positrons. Later, at the end of the 20th century, the first anti-atom - antihydrogen - was discovered. Currently, the most complex anti-atom synthesized by humans is anti-helium.
The basic building blocks of matter and antimatter are elementary particles – quarks and leptons. Quarks are elementary particles that belong to the fermion family. They have mass, charge, the so-called color charge, and spin. At the moment we know of six types of quarks: down quarks, up quarks, strange quarks, magic quarks, beautiful quarks, and real quarks. Upper and lower quarks are the lightest and are formed by the decay of heavy quarks. In addition to quarks, the fermion family also includes another group of elementary particles, leptons. They were further divided into two groups. One of these subgroups includes particles with a "-1" charge, such as electrons, subtons, and particles. Another subgroup with a neutral charge includes electron neutrinos, subneutrinos, and neutrinos.
Each of the twelve particles listed above has an antimatter partner. According to the laws of physics, an antiparticle must always be a perfect mirror image of a simple particle. But some experiments have shown that this is not always the case.
For example, a meson consists of a quark and an antiquark. Neutrophils have an interesting feature: they can spontaneously transform into antimesons and vice versa. That is, in the process, a quark can become an antiquark and vice versa – an antiquark becomes a quark, but some experiments have shown that this is more common in one direction than in the other. That is, antiquarks turn into quarks more often. As a result, over time, there are far more substances than antimatter.
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