Accommodation on the knees. Located in Xuanhe Township, Liancheng County, adjacent to Changting County, Peitian is a Hakka village with a long history of 800 years. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, as a key point of water and land transportation connecting Liancheng County and Tingzhou Prefecture, Peitian Village was once prosperous, and the academy flourished, and was once praised as "Zou Lu of the Hakka land in the south with many talents".
The history of Peitian Academy culture can be traced back to the first year of Ming Hongzhi (1488), the seventh ancestor of Peitian Wu's ancestor Kuangong "built a book villa in Shikun with Yu Yun, as a place for teaching, and extended Mr. Taoxi to train his later Kun, with the title of 'Thatched Cottage'". As a result, "Kaiting even thirteen squares of scholars".
From then until the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Peitian Wu clan had always inherited the atmosphere of revitalizing learning, and founded a new academy with the Fang clan as a unit. Among them, there are two in the Ming Dynasty, namely the Xiaoquan Gongshuguan founded by the tenth ancestor Xiao Quangong, and the Shibeishan School (also known as Hongjiang Academy) founded by the tenth ancestor in Honggong. In the Qing Dynasty, the atmosphere of Peitian to set up academies reached the extreme, and there were successively the Bai Xuetang established by the 12th ancestor Junjian Gong, the Yiwu School (also known as Yunjiang Academy) and the Banshan Mansion established by the 13th ancestor Peiyu Gong, the Yanziqian School established by the 14th Zu Jian'an Gong, the Nanshan Academy founded by the 15th Zu Jinjiang Gong, the Qingning Zhaixia School established by the 16th Zu Chunyi Gong, and the Ziyang Academy co-founded by the Wu clan in the 21st year of Qianlong (1756).
Historically, most of the government-run academies have been located in the center of the city, which is convenient for the government to manage and supervise the teaching of the academies, and for the examination of courses. Pei Tin's academies were entirely privately run, and like the private academies in other places at that time, the site selection was more focused on natural or cultural landscapes. Most of these academies are built along the mountains, among which Nanshan Academy is the most representative. Nanshan Academy is located at the foot of the north side of Wohu Mountain, sitting in the northwest, facing southeast, from Tao Yuanming's "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" in the sentence "Nanshan" as the name. There is an extended mountain nose bridge in the east of Nankengkou, where the academy is located, and the trees are luxuriant, separating the village from the outside of the village, blocking the noisy and noisy sounds in the village, making the academy self-contained and with a deep artistic conception.
Zeng Ruichun, a famous Confucian who once taught here and later became a member of the Hanlin Academy, spoke highly of the environment of the academy in his "Records of Nanshan Academy": "Jiamu is lush, victorious and quiet, and the deer cave and goose lake are nothing less than that. "Deer Cave and Goose Lake refer to the White Deer Cave Academy and Goose Lake Academy in Jiangxi, both of which were famous throughout the country at that time. The author compares Nanshan Academy with Deer Cave and Goose Lake, and its overflowing beauty jumps on the page. In front of the academy, there is a podocarpus tree that is more than 700 years old, which resembles a brush; Outside the door, there is a pan pond, which is an inkstone pond, and the two contrast with each other, forming a wonderful scenery of "writing and dipping ink".
The economic prosperity of Peitian provided the necessary material conditions for the rise of the academy culture in the local area. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Peitian took advantage of its superior geographical location in connecting the two places of water and land transportation, and was very developed in the handicraft industry, commerce, and private lending industry, and accumulated a lot of wealth. The Wu clan of Peitian allocated a special expenditure to support the academy, and there are many records of "Yixuetian", "Xiucaitian" and "Jingmengtian" in the "Peitian Wu Clan Genealogy". Taking the stone thatched cottage as an example, after the seventh ancestor Wu Zukuan was established "with surplus money", in order to ensure the expenses of the school, not only the ancestral hall Yanqing Hall allocated 100 quintals of rent to the school every year, but later the Nancun Ancestral Hall also undertook part of the school expenses, and other smaller subsidies are too numerous to mention.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Peitian Academy cultivated a large number of talents. According to the statistics of "Peitian Wu Clan Genealogy", from the first year of Ming Hongzhi (1488) to the 31st year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1905) in more than 400 years, the total number of people who have achieved fame has reached 311, and only the fifteenth generation has 40 people who have entered the department. It must be known that the population of Peitian Village in the Ming and Qing dynasties was less than 1,000 at its peak, and it is rare to have such an achievement.
Not only that, Peitian's academy has also created a prosperous local literary style, and it has become the hometown of literature and ink in Tinglian and Tinglian. At that time, even the people of the Wu clan who had not achieved fame were unable to let go of the papers, and they were addicted to learning. For example, the tenth in Honggong "although involved in business, he also can't let go of the volume." The heart of learning and pleasing the ancients is the same as that of those who read and lift the industry"; Another example is that although the nineteenth Qiyao Gong "went to Yan and did not sell", he was still eager to learn and tirelessly, "I tried to talk about poetry with my children and nephews, and I was not ashamed to ask every doubt."
The genealogy of the Peitian Wu clan contains a large number of books, tables, prefaces, epigrams, sacrificial texts, poems, and biographies, among which there are many outstanding works. When Pei Yingzhang, the secretary of the Ministry of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, visited Peitian, he was deeply moved by the strong cultural and educational atmosphere here, and specially inscribed the Lianwen for the stone thatched cottage "Although it is a hundred miles away from Tingcheng, it is the first to enter the Confucian gate wall". In the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1763), during the inspection of Tingzhou Mansion, Ji Xiaolan, a scholar, heard that Peitian's literary style was prosperous, and he specially paid a private visit.
The prosperity of the academy culture has also shaped the cultural temperament of Peitian, the core of which is to respect literature and education, and apply it to the world. Driven by the academy culture, some specialized educational institutions also began to rise in Peitian. Among them, there are 9 children's schools for the enlightenment of young children, two martial arts halls set up to train martial arts talents, two martial arts halls set up to cultivate women's housekeeping ability, and hoe villas set up to cultivate agricultural production skills. The latter two are distinctive educational institutions in Peitian, which are rare in the province and even in China, and have also become important elements of Peitian's cultivation and reading culture.
Rong knee house was built in the Qing Jiaqing period, the Department of Peitian Wu 18th Chang Tong Gong donated funds to found, is a small courtyard with three compartments, sitting north and facing south, covers an area of only 50 square meters, because of the small space "can only accommodate the knee" named. The purpose of the school is to enable the new daughter-in-law who marries into Peitian and the Peitian woman who is about to marry to know books and etiquette, know how to handle housework, and become a good wife and mother. The establishment of this women's school also attracted the attention of the school inspector of Changting County at that time, who not only approved the establishment of the school, but also sent personnel to the village to investigate the number of students and the content of teaching. At the beginning, the school only served Wu Changtong's own family, and gradually expanded to serve the Wu clan in the whole village.
The couplet in front of the door reads, "The court comes to the bamboo friend with a broad heart, and the door has a wide vision of Matsuoka." After entering the door, there are four words on the wall in front of the patio, and beware of a plaque with the words "Great Man of the Kingdom" hanging above the screen door. These words all reflect the good cultural accomplishment of Peitian women at that time. If it weren't for the support and support of the thriving seowon culture, it would have been inconceivable that the women of Peitian would have enjoyed such a superior educational environment at that time.
The hoe Jing villa was founded by the 19th Yunxuan Gong of the Wu family in Peitian during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, which is an enlightenment school and teaches agricultural knowledge at the same time. In front of the door, a pair of "half an acre of inkstone field with more wheat, several rafters and tile houses with mulberry and hemp" clearly reflects the founder's pursuit of the life interest of farming and reading and the original intention of running a school on this basis. The existing building is a symmetrical three-bay, three-hall and two-courtyard type, covering an area of more than 100 square meters. Although it is small, it has a compact and well-organized layout. The blue brick façade is fine and smooth, with two openwork windows as accents. The beams in the house are not carved, and the style is simple and elegant.
After entering the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, due to frequent wars, Peitian's economy gradually declined, and the funds to support many academies became increasingly insufficient. During the Guangxu period, Wu Taijun wrote the "Six School Notes" which has a vivid description of this: the stone thatched cottage "Zukuan Gong created, Li Qiantang remembered, Cheng ancestors educated Jun Shoushan District." At the beginning of the year, it was reclaimed as a field, and the vicissitudes of life were changed for a long time." Another example is Yunjiang Academy, "Daoguang Jiawu is gradually collapsing, and now only the foundation of the wilderness remains." Yanziqian School is "Jiaqing, Daoguang for the iron factory, Xianfeng for the early tomb". By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, most of the academies in Peitian were either abandoned or converted to other uses, and only the Nanshan Academy still maintained its cultural and educational functions, and the once-prosperous academies finally went into decline.
After the abolition of the imperial examination at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Nanshan Academy followed the historical trend and changed its name to "Nanxuan District Central National School of Changting County" in 1906, successfully realizing the transformation to modern education. This was also the first junior and senior primary school in Tingzhou at that time. It is particularly worth mentioning that from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the first year, four international students have come out of here, among which Wu Jiande, who stayed in Japan, joined the alliance led by Sun Yat-sen and actively participated in the founding of ** and anti-Yuan activities; Wu Shujun, Wu Naiqing, and Wu Xuchu were classmates during the work-study program in France, and Wu Naiqing also translated the book "Marx's Life and His Works", becoming the earliest Marxist in Peitian.
After hundreds of years of accumulation, Peitian's cultural temperament of respecting literature and education, and applying it to the world has not died out with the decline of the academy culture, but has been tenaciously maintained through the transformation of Nanshan Academy, and has advanced with the times and carried forward.
Author's Affilications:School of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Fujian University of Science and Technology).