At the beginning of the 17th century, in order to improve the political institutions and strengthen the governance and jurisdiction of the frontier, the Qing Dynasty set up the Yamen in 1714 to govern the Hezhe people in the area of the three surnames.
In 1732, it was changed to a vice-governor and was also in charge of Sakhalin Island.
In 1780, the border people of Jilin were also unified under the jurisdiction of the three surnames and deputy capitals. The following is an analysis from two aspects: the Huairou policy of the Qing Dynasty and the historical contribution of the Huairou measures of the Qing Dynasty.
First, the Huairou policy of Qing **
There are four main aspects of the Huairou policy adopted by the Qing Dynasty:
1) Appointment of the head.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, inheriting the Huairou measures of the Ming Dynasty, the court rewarded the head of the Beijing to marry a wife, such as robes, hats, boots, socks, ties, sweat towels and other things.
In the middle of the Kangxi Dynasty, the various ethnic groups who served the Qing Dynasty were rewarded and the Haofeng system was implemented. For example, in 1751, the imperial court Hao sealed Dong Shana, who was stationed in the garrison with three surnames, as the Zhongxian doctor, and his wife Jue Luo as a gongren, which was recorded in the book of "Fengtian's Order".
In the early years of Qianlong, Zeng Hao sealed the three surnames of the world to lead Jin Shou as Zhaowu, and his wife Zhao was a respectful person, and was rewarded with a "dragon-shaped jade pendant".
According to the historical material "Biography of the Hezhe Nationality", the leaders appointed by the court at that time also included the hereditary leaders Shutuo Jing'a, Gebal Hun'a, Vol Heng'a, the head of the Huerha tribe Qiangtuli, the head of the Ussuri River basin envoy dog tribe Sangge, the leader Fu Lehui, Ge Yikel Jehe, etc.
Before the founding of the Qing Dynasty, there were "Huerha Department", "Woji Department", "Varkha Department", "Dog Department" and "Sakhalin Department" in the area where the Hezhe people lived.
From 1599 to 1644, the Qing Emperor Nurhachi used troops to conquer the Hezhe tribes as many as 17 times, because of the stubborn resistance and unyielding struggle of the Hezhe tribes, so that the Qing rulers conquered by force at the same time, but also adopted a policy of softness in many ways.
In addition to appointing the head, the Hezhe people were also organized into the Eight Banners, and the three surnamed Hezhe and the more than 1,530 people of the Shumulu clan who moved later were organized into the Four Banners.
The yellow flag is led by the leader of the Qindeli tribe, Nuye Leharada Kandai, and the yellow flag is led by the Dexin Hezhe tribe Geyikeqin Harada Zahara, and the white flag is led by the Shihari Harada Epuqi of the Xiqilin tribe, and the red flag is led by the Shumulu Gashanda Chongjika of the Qinalin Hezhe tribe.
In the vast areas under the jurisdiction of the three surnames, the Qing ** has continuously improved the management measures of tribes and villages, and the border people who have not been included in the Eight Banners in the past will be included in the household registration, and the villages or clans are used as units, "each with a surname chief, a tun chief, and a separate household jurisdiction."
Among the 255 villages, there are 20 chiefs (Harada) and 185 village chiefs (Kashanda).
The surname chief and the village chief are the local treasures appointed by the Qing **, and the Qing ** issues the "seal letter document", which is responsible for managing the household registration, urging tribute, supporting official errands, and dealing with disputes in the village.
On Sakhalin Island, the villages of Plom, Itsu, and Teken are also under the jurisdiction of the surname chief and the tun chief.
The Qing ** firmly established its own dominance through the establishment of households.
According to the "Great Qing Huidian", "the three surnames belong to 2,398 households with 56 surnames, including Hezhe, Feiyaka, and Chakhala".
According to historical materials such as "Kangxi Huidian", there were 432 households in 1653. In 1676, there were 1,029 households. In 1710, there were 1,138 households. In 1722, the number of households increased by 701.
In 1750, 340 households were added. Among them, there are 2,250 households in Hezhe and Feiyaka (1,277 households in Hezhe and 973 households in Feiyaka), and the number of Hezhe households in 1881 was 520.
The system of paying tribute to mink and rewarding Wulin was an important measure for the Qing Dynasty to exercise effective jurisdiction over the ethnic minorities in the northeastern frontier.
The purpose of the Hezhe tribute mink and offerings was to emphasize submission to the Qing Dynasty. There are many records in the "Please Record". In the 45 years from 1599 to 1644, according to incomplete statistics, the Hezhe tribe paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty 32 times.
According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, all ethnic groups in Sanjiang Liucheng should pay mink skins to the Qing Dynasty every year, and the location of their tribute mink also has clear regulations:
In the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, Hezhe and Feiyaka stipulate that the mink should be paid once a year and paid at the nearest Ningguta. The tribute mink of the inhabitants of Sakhalin is paid every other year in May to Niman on the Ussuri River.
The Qing Dynasty ** to come to pay tribute to the mink, to give generous rewards, to give economic benefits, so that they from the heart of the surrender, known as "reward Wulin", that is, to reward the meaning of wealth. The tribute-collecting agency is called "Reward Wulin Wood City".
There is a detailed record of the tribute mink and the appreciation of the Wulin Wood City in the book "Chronicles of the Eastern Tartars".
The book records the meeting between the author and the three ** Shutojinga, Gethalhun A, and Ruvol AIchiki Castle, a large trading place, and its trading situation (mink, fox skin, etc. in exchange for the wine, tobacco, cloth, ironware, etc. you need).
The reward was carried out according to the rank of the Hezhe people who came to pay tribute. It is generally divided into five types: Salhan cone (meaning maiden, the imperial aunt who marries), the surname chief, the village chief, the son, and the white man (common people). Gifts began to be given robes, which were later changed to cloth and daily necessities.
The Qing Dynasty's system of "paying tribute to mink and rewarding black silk" has strengthened the economic exchanges between the interior and the border areas economically, deepened the influence of the interior on the ethnic minorities in the border areas politically, and promoted the social development of the Hezhe people in the Sanjiang Valley.
In the Sanjiang Basin, the Qing Dynasty implemented Huairou policies and measures for the Hezhe people, such as appointing leaders, compiling flags, compiling households, paying tribute to mink, and rewarding black silk, which can be called effective measures and have historical contributions.
(1) The jurisdiction and defense of the border areas have been strengthened
Since the beginning of the reign of the Qing Dynasty, the three surnames of the deputy capital of the Yamen, the Fuke Jin Association and other important military towns have been confiscated in the Sanjiang Valley, and then through the appointment of the head, the formation of flags and households, the implementation of the garrison eight banners system, Hezhe and other border ethnic minorities into the Manchurian Eight Banners.
With the formation of flags and fortifications, a large number of Hezhe people were requisitioned to guard the border passes, becoming the main force to defend the northeastern frontier. For example, the Hezhen ethnic group, together with the people of all ethnic groups in Northeast China, launched a heroic and unyielding struggle against Russia.
In 1643, 27 of Poyakov's men invaded, but at the mouth of the Songhua River, they were stopped by the Hezhe people, and all but 2 escaped.
In 1657, Stepanov's 500 men invaded Shangjian Wuhei (the western suburb of Jiamusi), and the Hezhe people cooperated with the Qing army to defeat the invaders. The following year, 270 invaders were eliminated at the mouth of the Songhua River, and the bandit leader Stepanov was killed on the spot.
In 1682, 124 Russian invaders invaded the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, and more than 300 people of various ethnic groups such as Hezhe organized self-defense forces and killed many bandit leaders and soldiers.
On July 6, 1900, under the command of Yi Ying'a, the deputy commander of the capital, and Ge Quanliang, the commander of the training army, the three soldiers and civilians joined 150 people, including Shu Lianxi, the commander of the Mabu Battalion.
Sinking 2 Russian ships and damaging 2 barges. In the fierce battle, the pioneers Ge Rongyin and Shu Yingchun, the battalion commander Shu Lianxi were killed in battle, and Yiyinga and Ge Quanliang were wounded in front of the battle.
The people of Hezhe are brave and patriotic, and have made historical contributions in the struggle to protect the northeastern frontier and resist the invasion of foreign enemies.
(2) Safeguarding national unity and the formation of a national community
With the passage of time, a part of the Hezhe people slowly integrated into the Manchus and became an important part of the Manchurian ethnic community.
For example, the Hezhe people of Aoqi Village in Jiamusi City, whose ancestor Nyahutu migrated from the mouth of the Ussuri River for hundreds of years.
Their surname was Ge, and they registered their household registration at the time of liberation, and they all wrote Manchu nationality on it, until Professor Liu Zhongbo verified that they were Hezhe people, and the whole village changed the Manchu nationality to Hezhe people.
While continuously strengthening military measures, the Qing Dynasty also adopted the system of "household arrangement" of tribes and villages, and ordered the patriarchs and township chiefs to manage household registration, so as to achieve the goal of strengthening the jurisdiction and governance of the frontier without changing the original social organization of the Hezhe people, the clan organization.
The Qing Dynasty also sent many inspections to the Nurgan region, transported materials for "rewarding black silk," went to Sakhalin Island to "preach" and "appease" the local ethnic minorities, pacified the people on the border areas, and had frequent contacts with the local ethnic minorities to deepen mutual understanding, eliminate estrangement and misgivings, and strengthen the jurisdiction and sovereignty over Sakhalin Island.
The Qing Dynasty implemented the Huairou policy of "migrants forming flags" for the Hezhe people, and successfully formed the Hezhe people engaged in primitive fishing and hunting in the Sanjiang River Basin into a team that can produce and work in peacetime and go to the front line to win battles in wartime, and has made outstanding contributions to national unification, resisting aggression, defending the frontier, safeguarding the unity of the country and the formation of a national community.
In the Qing Dynasty, due to the implementation of the system of compiling flags and households, the Hezhe area in the Sanjiang Valley was developed and the economy developed. For example, in 1807, 31,439 hectares of land had been reclaimed in the area with the three surnames.
The officers and soldiers stationed in the three surnamed areas cultivated the fields, and their grain was stored in Yongfeng Warehouse and Baqi Yicang respectively in the Yongfeng Warehouse and the Eight Banners Yicang in addition to the various expenses of the year, and the total amount of storage amounted to more than 41,000 stones during the Qianlong period.
The hard work of the officers and men of the Hezhe nationality has promoted the development of agricultural production in the areas with the three surnames.
The Hezhe nationality in the Sanjiang Valley of the Northeast Frontier and the Nurgan Prefecture were originally very economically and culturally backward, and the food and daily necessities needed by the officers and men in the border areas were supplied by the Liaodong Prefecture and the interior of the Central Plains.
Because the Qing Dynasty continued the "Northern Silk Road" that existed before the Ming Dynasty (starting point Suzhou and Hangzhou, the silk was transported to Beijing through the Grand Canal, transported to Fengtian (Shenyang) through Shanhaiguan, and then transported to Yilan, Ningguta, and Lahasusu (Tongjiang) through the Songhua River
Then it was transported to Boli (Khabarovsk) through the Heilongjiang River, and through the Qing Dynasty at that time, the first border patrol and the tribute mink rewarded the black silk measures, and a large number of materials were transported by boat in summer and dogs and plows in winter to the Hezhe region by water or land, and Nuer was in the hands of the Hezhe (Nanai) and Ainu people in the area and Sakhalin Island.
Then through the folk **"Shandan**" into the Boli region of Russia, Hokkaido, Tokyo, and Kyoto regions of Japan. The Qing Dynasty also transported the tribute native mink, Dongzhu, ginseng, Haidongqing, sturgeon and so on back to the mainlandProspered the economy of the frontier**.
In the Ming Dynasty, the internal officials of the Qin Dynasty also lost Ha Zeng ten times to the Heilongjiang River, as far as Sakhalin Island, patrolling the border in the area under the jurisdiction of the Nuer Gandu Division, pacifying the border people, transporting grain, and rewarding the officers and soldiers of the garrison.
The Qing Dynasty continued to patrol the border and appreciate the black silk, developed the "Northern Silk Road", promoted the development and construction of the local area, and promoted the local economic and social development.
References
[1] (Zheng Shichun, Xiu;Zhu Yi point, compilation. Huachuan County Chronicles[O].*Edited in the early years.
[2] Eshanjun. The Hezhe people in the Sanjiang Valley[M].Harbin:Heilongjiang Education Press,2017:130
[3] Zhao Junming. Biography of the Hezhe people[M].Hong Kong: International Yanhuang Culture Publishing House, 2006