Anext: Exosome-based diagnosis and engineering strategies for oral and maxillofacial diseases (II).
Continued from Part I: Exosome-based Diagnosis and Engineering Strategies for Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases (1) A good drama that has been watched n times
OneExosomesbiometrics
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with unique production pathways and characteristics. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles produced by paracellular secretions. The formation process of EV begins with the cell membrane of the mother cell germinating inward through the "reverse germination" method, forming early endosomes. Early endosomes were concave to produce polycystic bodies;Polycystes are eventually fused to the cell membrane under the action of laboutase and excreted extracellularly through the extracellular, so the process of EV formation can be simply summarized as germination-fusion-secretion.
EVs can be classified into the following categories based on particle size: (1) Apoptotic bodies (APOBDS) with diameters ranging from 500-1000 nm;(2) Microvesicles (MV) with diameters ranging from 100-350 nm;and (3) exosomes, ranging from 30-150 nm in diameter. The researchers further divided exosomes into three subgroups: large exosomal vesicles (exo-L, 90-120 nm in diameter), small exosomal vesicles (exo-s, 60-80 nm in diameter), and non-membrane nanoparticles (exosomes, about 35 nm in diameter). Most cell types (mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells, cancer cells, etc.) can produce exosomes through the paracrine pathway, which are widely found in body fluids. Exosomes are rich in a large number of bioactive substances such as proteins, DNA, mRNA, and miRNA, similar to mother cells. The level of exosome components depends mainly on the functional state of the mother cell. The analysis of changes in exosomal content and composition in body fluids can reflect the state of the mother cell, which can provide a basis for diagnosing oral and maxillofacial diseases and even systemic diseases. In addition, exosomes can mediate cell-to-cell signaling and be involved in the development of diseases. Exosomes carry specific protein markers (lactams, lysosome-associated membrane protein-2b (LAMP-2b), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), etc.), which makes exosomes highly capable of guiding and targeting. Nanoscale exosomes can effectively avoid monocyte-macrophage phagocytosis and freely penetrate the biological barrier to improve delivery efficiencyDue to its inherent biocompatibility, non-target effects can be reduced. Therefore, exosomes have a natural advantage for drug delivery and are promising drug delivery vehicles.
Schematic diagram of the biogenesis and composition of the three major classes of extracellular vesicles.
Next: Exosome-based diagnosis and engineering strategies for oral and maxillofacial diseases (III).