When you talk about the Analects, you will naturally think of Confucianism. In fact, the development of Confucianism to the end is not the original meaning of Confucius. Looking at the ** at the end of the Qing Dynasty, you can learn a lot of pedantic images that were disgusting at the end of the Qing Dynasty. In "Why Confucianism Changes and Decays", it is analyzed that in feudal society, there are eight major reasons for the deterioration of Confucian thought.
A good thing, passed on and on, how can it rot?This question is not only a question that theoretical workers but also ordinary Chinese people need to ponder deeply.
This commentary on the Analects of Confucius decided to put aside Confucianism and talk about Confucius, and to avoid the influence of traditional Confucian decadent thought. Just look at what the original Confucius thought looked like!- Perhaps only in this way can the doctrine of Confucius play a more appropriate role under the new historical conditions!
What is the use of the Analects in the new historical conditions?And how to use it?There should be a wise person to solve it!
Confucianism in history, so let's put an end to it!
This task, the best way to accomplish it, is to complete it in the private sector!
I hope that colleagues with this ambition can make efforts for this!
Let's start a new era of Confucius together!
Ran Yong (531 BC—?).The word Zhonggong, late Spring and Autumn periodLu Statepeople,ConfuciusShao HaoDescendants,King Wen of ZhouSonRan JizaiThe number is passed to Ranli, the world dwells".Heze"Yang", known as "Liniu's", suffersConfucianismSacrifice.
Zi said: "Yong can also make the south." ”
Confucius said that Ran Yong could assist the princes. It is also said that he has the virtues of a prince.
Zhong Gong asked Zisang Bozi, and Zi said, "Yes, Jane." Zhong Gong said: "Respect and act simply, in order to be close to its people, is it okay?"Living simple and doing simple, nothing is simpleZi said: "Yongzhi's words are true. ”
Zhong Gong, that is, Ran Yong.
Zhong Gong consulted Confucius and asked what Zisang Bozi was like. Confucius said: It's okay, it's simple. Zhong Gong said: Wouldn't it be okay to treat the people in this way with a respectful attitude and act in a simple way?If you live in a simple mentality, in the way of doing things, and make it simple, isn't it too simple?Confucius said: Yong's words make sense.
Dwelling respectfully and doing simple deeds to bring the people to the people-- It is said that he treats the people respectfully in his heart, and his behavior is not cumbersome. The people were respected and did not overwork.
Live simple and walk simply--It is the mentality of being simple in the heart, and when you start doing things, you add simplicity. In this way, it is possible to lose the basics and make the people suffer.
If you respect the people, you will value the affairs of the people. If you only want to be brief, you may be perfunctory and hasty about the affairs of the people!
Here highlights Confucius's attitude towards things, not to be reasonable, others are correct, or to affirm others' statements.
Wai Gong asked: "Who is studious?"Confucius said: "Those who have a face are studious, do not get angry, do not make mistakes, unfortunately die for a short time, and now they are also dead, and they have not heard of good scholars." ”
The Duke of Mourning asked Confucius: **Which of them is the best to learn Xi?Confucius replied: There is a studious person named Yan Hui, and he will do it"Don't get angry, don't offend'', unfortunately died short-lived. No Xi style is easy to learn now. I haven't heard of anyone who is studious!
Don't get angry----For example, a person who wants to learn Xi can't learn, always resents his lack of conditions, and gets angry at people or things that affect him, for example, the environment is too noisy, the economic conditions at home are not good, there are too many housework, busy work, etc., etc., etc. If so, what Xi am I going to learn?
Or, when learning Xi, there is something annoying within the scope of their learning Xi, and they are infected by it and do not know how to extricate themselves. For example, if you study Xi military affairs, when you see the enemy's aggression, you are furious, so you rush up with a gun. If there are people with good military literacy, they will be immersed in anger, analyze specific problems, and find appropriate countermeasures.
No, no--- is not only learned, but also executed correctly and never made the same mistakes again.
Therefore, if you don't get angry, you can't do it, and when you do this, you can be regarded as a studious person.
Zihua made Yu Qi, and Ran Zi invited Su for his mother, and Zi said: "With the kettle." "Please, say: "With you." "Ran Zi and Su Wubing. Zi said: "The red is suitable for Qi, riding a fat horse, and the clothes are light." I also heard that the gentleman was anxious to get rich. ”
Zihua: The surname is Gongxi Mingchi, the character Zihua, a student of Confucius, 42 years younger than Confucius
Ran Zi: Ran Yes
10 buckets are equal to 1 stone, before the Tang Dynasty, Hu is the common name of the folk stone, 1 Hu = 1 stone, 1 stone = 10 buckets = 120 catties. Han Dynasty Xu Shen's "Saying Wen Interpreting Words": "Hu, ten buckets." "Since the beginning of the Song Dynasty, it has been changed to 1 Hu = 5 buckets, and 1 stone = 2 Hu. Bright. Zhang Zilie. "Zhengzitong": "Hu, today's system of five buckets is said to be Hu, and ten buckets are said to be stones." "In many places in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, 1 Hu = 2 buckets and 5 liters.
kettle: sound ǔ, one kettle is about equal to six buckets and four liters.
庾: pronounced ǔ, one Yu is equal to two buckets and four liters.
Ten liters for a bucket
oneBingIt is equal to 16 Hu.
Gongxi Chi Zihua, sent an envoy to the Qi country, Ran Zi asked for Li for Zihua's mother, Confucius said, "Give him a cauldron", Ran Zi said, "** a little", Confucius said, "Give him a Yu", and Ran Zi gave Wubing's chestnut. (It's just a lot more). Confucius said: When Zihua went to the country of Qi, he rode a fat horse and wore a light fur. It's kind of rich. I've heard people say that a gentleman is in a hurry to follow his fortune.
That is to say, a gentleman has more than enough, and he is to give to those who are in urgent need, not to continue to increase the wealth of the wealthy.
From this sentence, it can be seen that Ran Zi gave a lot of chestnuts to Zihua without the consent of Confucius. It can be seen that the relationship between Confucius and ** is harmonious. And Confucius just said the reason for not giving. That is to say, Confucius only reasoned!
Zhu Xi Note, Yuan Si, Confucius**, Mingxian. When Confucius was Lu Sikou, he took thinking as the slaughter.
When Yuan Si was the head of Confucius's house, Confucius gave him 900 chestnuts, and Yuan Si thanked him. Confucius said: Don't shirk, you can also give it to the people of the neighborhood and township party!
In this sentence, it can be seen that Confucius thought about the chestnut and tactfully asked people to accept the chestnut, and also taught how to use this chestnut.
Zi Wei Zhong Gong said: "The son of the plough ox has horns, although he wants not to use it, the mountains and rivers are all gone."”
It is said that the Zhou people are still red, and the animals are used with skulls. 骍 , red. This horn refers to the horn of the ox. The ox used for sacrifice should have red hair and positive horns.
Plough oxen, some say that it is a ploughing cow, and some say that the cow has a black coat.
Confucius said of Zhonggong: Even if it is a cow born of a ploughing ox (or a variegated ox), as long as the coat is red and the horns are right, even if people do not use it as a sacrifice, will the god of mountains and rivers abandon it?
It means that the god of mountains and rivers will like thisHorns and hornsof cattle.
This is an analogy, I heard that Zhong Gong's father was lowly and bad, but Zhong Gong was very talented, and the society would not give up Zhong Gong.
In this way, it seems that this cow has made a sacrifice, and it is still a glorious thing!
Zi said: "Back also, his heart is not against benevolence in March, and the rest is just a matter of days and months." ”
Confucius said: Yan Hui is a person who can keep his heart for three months without violating the path of benevolence, and after that, the achievements of abiding by the way of benevolence will naturally come with the passage of the sun and the moon. That's what Yan Hui did. Three months is an overview, not a definitive one.
If we understand it in this way, it means that in order to be benevolent, we must first be thoughtful in our hearts and not violate benevolence. After understanding in the heart, the rest will naturally be possessed.
It is also understood as:
Confucius said: Yan Hui, you can keep not violating the path of benevolence for three months, and the rest of the time is not violating the way of benevolence for a certain month, or not violating the way of benevolence on a certain day.
It's just that I don't have a thorough understanding of benevolence, so I can't keep doing it.
For example, when it comes to serving the people, some people can always maintain the consciousness of serving the people. Some people can't do it, they just maintain the momentum of serving the people for an occasional month, or talk about serving the people one day, and the rest of the time, they will do things towards other purposes.
Ji Kangzi asked: "Zhong You can also engage in politics."Zi said: "From the fruit, what is there in politics?"He said: "It can also make politics and politics."He said: "What is there to be in politics?"He said: "Asking can also make politics the same."He said: "Seeking art, what is there in politics?"”
Ji Kangzi asked Confucius: Zhong You can be in politics, right?Confucius replied: Zhong You's resolute personality is outstanding, what does this have to do with the matter of politics?
Ji Kangzi then asked: Can you be in politics?Confucius replied: "What does this have to do with politics because of his outstanding open-minded character?"
Ji Kangzi then asked: Is it okay to be in politics?Confucius replied: "The pursuit of skills is very prominent, what does this have to do with the matter of politics?"
Politics is based on benevolence and harmony, yin and yang, and harmony with heaven, earth, and people to seek development. It is useless to just highlight one aspect. Accidents often happen!For example, if you can sing and dance, will politics be stable?If you are decisive and courageous, will politics be stable?If the mind is clear, the politics will be stable?If you can solve any problem in mathematics, will politics be stable?Just if the economy is up, will the society be stable?None of them work!
What does it mean to be in politics?There is also an understanding of why politics is not. YesIt is to participate in politics. Taken together, it means that as long as you have a skill, you can give full play to your talents in politics. In this way, it can only be understood as participation in politics, not politics.
If you can enter politics with a skill, then all plants and trees can enter politics!
Ji's made Min Ziqian Fei Zai, and Min Ziqian said: "Be good at resigning for me." If there is anyone who restores me, then I will be on the paper. ”
Ji's family, there are a lot of etiquette behaviors in Lu State, but the people's voice is very bad.
So, when Ji Shi invited Min ZiQianWhen I do Fei Di's slaughter, Min ZiQianHe replied to the messenger: Please help me quit with good words, and if you come to me again, I will go to Wenshui. It's over Wenshui, and after Wenshui, it's Qi country.
Bo Niu: The surname is Ran Minggeng, the word Bo Niu, a native of Lu and a student of Confucius.
Bo Niu was sick, Confucius went to greet him, took Bo Niu's hand outside the window, and said: If you go on like this, you will die!Is this fate!Such a person!It's going to be like this!Such a person would get such a disease!
Confucius sighed, how could such a good person get such a bad disease!Is it fate!Confucius sighed at Bo Niu's character.
Zi said: "Virtuous and return!".A spoonful of food, a scoop of drink, in the alleys, people are unbearable, and they will not change their pleasures. Virtuous, back!”
Yan Hui, the head of the seventy-two sages of Confucius.
箪, bamboo products.
Confucius said: Yan Hui is virtuous!A basket of rice, a scoop of water, in the alley, ordinary people can hardly bear its poverty. And Yan Hui doesn't change his fun. Virtuous, Yan Hui!
What is Yan Hui's happiness!It should be the same as Confucius. Confucius sighed that Yan Hui didn't care about his ambitions, no matter how poor he was!
Ran Qiu said: "If you don't talk about the way of the son, you don't have enough strength." Zi said: "Those who lack strength will be abandoned in the middle of the road, and this woman will paint." ”
Draw ---It is to draw the ground as a prison to self-control.
Ran Qiu said to Confucius: I am not not preaching the benevolence of the Master, but because I am not strong enough.
Confucius said: If the strength is insufficient, it should be some effort, and when the strength is really insufficient, it will naturally stop in the middle of the way. Looking at you now, you are self-contained, and I haven't seen you work hard.
Confucius said, don't fail to do it, as long as you work hard, you have a chance to succeed. As mentioned in "University", I sincerely seek it, although I don't get it, it's not far away.
Zi Xia said: "Women are gentlemen and Confucians, and there are no villains." ”
Confucius said to Zi Xia: You should be a gentleman-like Confucian, not a villain-like Confucian.
The master reminded that in Confucianism, there are also gentlemen and villains. Learning and character are not the same thing at all!
Ziyou is the slaughterer of Wucheng, and Zi said: "How can a woman win a person?"He said: "Those who have destroyed the Ming Dynasty have no way to do it, it is not an official business, and it has not been to the Yanzhi room." ”
Ziyou, (506 BC?).ConfuciusAt the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the people of Wu (also known as the people of Lu). The surname is Yan, the name is Yan, and the word is traveling.
Ziyou was the ruler of Wucheng, and Confucius asked him: Can you be assisted by good people?Zi You: There is a man named Zhan Tai Ming, who does not take shortcuts. It's not business, and he hasn't come to my house.
If you don't take shortcuts, you don't take shortcuts. Do things honestly, legally compliant.
Only on official business can I see the city slaughter, that is, there is no personal emotion, and I am on business. Don't interfere with business.
Zi said: "Meng Zhi is not going to fight, he is running to the palace, he will enter the door, and he will guide his horse and say: 'If you don't dare to go back, the horse will not enter.'" ’”
Zhu Xi's note, felling, boasting merit.
Run, defeat also.
After the army, it was called the palace. Strategy, whip also.
The army is defeated, if you can protect the army. It's something to be credited with. Therefore, Confucius praised: The person who is the opposite of dreams does not boast of his merits. When he is defeated, he can be rear. But when he entered the city gate, he also whipped his horse with his horse, and said: It's not that I dare to be behind, it's that my horse can't run fast.
I thought that defeat was not a good thing, and it was also self-preservation to be able to deal with the dream reversal in this way.
People are terrible!Especially the ancient words are inconvenient to convey, and if you do one thing, you don't know how much gossip can be caused. Confucius said that the opposite of dreams will deal with current affairs!
Zhu Xi Note, Zhu, the official of the temple. Tuo, Dr. Wei, the word fish, eloquence. Dynasty, Song Gongzi, has beauty.
Confucius said: Without the wisdom of Zhu Tuo and the beauty of the Song Dynasty, it would be difficult for the Tao of the world today to survive the difficulties.
Zhu Tuo is the official of the temple. In the Analects, Confucius has a statement affirming his talent.
Song Dynasty, this person, it's too messy, I checked, this person is not only female, but also male, not only messing up himself because of sex, but also messing up the country. Messed up an era. The color of the Song Dynasty can be said to be a strange color through the ages!
The meaning of this sentence is that if you only pay attention to external beauty and do not have the wisdom to truly serve the country, you cannot stand in the world. She has the meaning of intelligence. If you interpret it in this way, it is to affirm Zhu Tuo and deny the Song Dynasty. It is said that Zhu Tuo, as the official of the temple, has maintained the peace and tranquility of the society. And the Song Dynasty ruined an era because of lust.
It is also understood as:
Confucius said: Without the clever argument of Zhu Tuo and the beauty of the Song Dynasty, it is difficult to survive the difficulties of today's world. As Zhu Xi said, it is "the world is good and pleasant, and it is inevitable that it will not be so". Here "while", when"and, and "Explained."
Zi said: "Who can go out of the house?Why not by the way?”
Hu, portal, refers to the family, the family.
Confucius said, "Who doesn't come out of the family?"Why don't you manage the society from the way of the family?
Self-cultivation, family harmony, governing the country, and leveling the world are all about this meaning.
For the government", there are also "'Filial piety is only filial piety, friends are brothers, and there is government. Yes is also politics.
I can't handle the family relationship, ** go to Rendao. Paying attention to the maintenance of family relations is the most basic thing for social stability. Who can leave the house?
Zi said: "Quality is better than literature, and literature is better than quality." Polite, then gentlemanly. ”
Quality, that is, the essence of things, refers to the connotation. Text, is literary style, literary ornamentation. Wild means rough.
Binbin, Zhu Xi Note, Binbin, Yu Banban, mixed and uniform appearance.
If the essence is good, and the decoration is insufficient, there will be a sense of vulgarity. For example, if a person talks about morality and righteousness, he understands it thoroughly, and if his head, face, and clothes seem to have not been washed for a year, it is difficult for people to accept.
If the connotation of the article is inappropriate, it is vulgar. However, the decoration is very beautiful, and people still like it. It can often still be circulated. For example, many pop songs, the lyrics don't make much sense, but the tunes are nice and popular.
Therefore, Confucius emphasized the harmony between literature and quality, and then became a gentleman.
It is necessary to pay attention to both connotation and form.
Neiye said that human beings are composed of two parts, spirit and form, and they are mutually reinforcing. Compared with the article, connotation and decoration are the two aspects that make up the article, and they should also be coordinated and integrated.
Zi said: "The life of a person is also straight, and the life of recklessness is also spared." ”
The --- is not straight.
Straight health care, as explained above. It's life, it's what it should be, and it's hard to be immune to always distorting understanding and doing things.
Here's an analogy, when a person sees Chinese cabbage, he thinks, so delicious, so delicious. In fact, cabbage is still cabbage, and the taste you come up with is not the same thing as the real cabbage. If a person is active in the realm that he has figured out, he does not pay attention to reality and is detached from reality. It's hard to be without disaster.
It's the same with health, as mentioned above, human beings are composed of two parts: spirit and form. The spirit and body should be unified, and you can't talk dog to the cat. Take eating cabbage as an example, you can look at the cabbage and talk about the cabbage, but you can't talk about the cabbage that you think is delicious.
Zi said: "Those who know are not as good as those who are good, and those who are good are not as good as those who are happy." ”
Those who know are not as good as those who love them, and those who love them are not as good as those who take pleasure in them.
Hobbies, hearts are deeper than those who know. Take pleasure in it, and those who know the mystery of it are well understood. If you can enjoy it, you will have a comfortable mentality, and things will be handled more appropriately.
As mentioned above, it is impossible to put it anywhere to be true. If you say it correctly, it must be conditional.
Some things are really good as long as you know, and they really can't be good, let alone happy.
For example, if a teacher teaches, a teacher who is below the intermediate level will not be able to teach more difficult knowledge.
If it is said that the path of benevolence is practiced, the middle people, who recognize and are familiar with the path of benevolence, can teach the way.
People below the middle level do not necessarily recognize benevolence, and if you teach great truths, not only do things badly, but also bring shame on yourself.
Fan Chi asked Zhizhi, and Zi said: "The righteousness of serving the people, respecting ghosts and gods and staying away, can be said to know." Ask benevolence, said: "The benevolent person is difficult first and then obtained, which can be described as benevolent." ”
Fan Chi asked Confucius what kind of practice is considered wisdom, and Confucius replied: If you look at it from the perspective of serving the people, respecting ghosts and gods and staying away from ghosts and gods can be said to be wisdom. Fan Chi asked what benevolence was. Confucius replied: If you are benevolent, you must first fight for the people and then reap the rewards, which can be regarded as benevolence.
If you worship ghosts and gods for the people, you will definitely encounter something important. Focus on people's livelihood and respect ghosts and gods. is commendable. However, if, after worshipping the ghosts and gods, you sit down and wait for the ghosts and gods to bless you, it is stupid. Therefore, it is necessary to have practical actions on your own. In this way, they respect their deeds and do not count on the help of demons and gods.
It is wise to act on your own.
Confucius said that standing on the path of benevolence, can fight difficulties for the people, and there is a harvest, which can be regarded as benevolence. If there is no gain, or if they sacrifice halfway, then is such a person unkind?There is a harvest, which shows that the direction of efforts is right, and it is indeed working hard for the people, which is naturally benevolent. If you have other intentions and make a show, it will not be benevolent.
Indeed, standing on the path of benevolence and working hard, even if it is sacrificed, every move will always be rewarded.
Zi said: "Those who know are happy with water, and those who are benevolent are happy with mountains." Those who know move, and those who are benevolent are quiet. Those who know are happy, and those who are benevolent are long. ”
A person who knows is a person who has wisdom and can have outstanding cognition in a certain aspect.
A benevolent person is a person who is dedicated to the common good.
Using the "Tao Te Ching", water is good for all things without fighting, invincible, and those who know know these characteristics, so they are happy with water.
Mountains are different, mountains can coordinate all things, give birth to a lot of materials, so that the people's lives can be guaranteed, so that the people's lives are stable, so the benevolent people are happy with the mountains.
Those who know have a certain level of cognition, so they are active. Some people say that ignorant people are more turbulent. If you move, you will die, and you will not be moved.
The idea of the benevolent person is to make the world prosperous, to make the world move reasonably, not to interfere with it forcefully, but not to move. So quiet.
Those who know can do a certain aspect very smoothly and have a sense of accomplishment, so they are happy.
The benevolent person is in harmony with yin and yang, harmonizing the principles of nature, and achieving the goal of people's happiness and well-being. If you are able to reach the spirit, you will naturally live a long life!
A person's aura is determined by consciousness. With a good heart, there is no obstacle to nature, personnel, and physics, and the spirit is naturally accessible. will live a long life.
The reason why people get sick can also be understood as the cause of improper understanding. It is necessary to achieve the goal of health by changing the way we understand and deal with problems.
Zi said: "Qi Yi changed to Lu, and Lu Yi changed to Dao." ”
Confucius said: A slight change in the state of Qi can reach the realm of the state of Lu, and a slight change in the state of Lu can reach the realm of benevolence.
Historically, the overall national strength of the Qi State at that time was stronger than that of the Lu State. Therefore, the changes emphasized by Confucius here should refer to social morality and righteousness, Zhu Xi notes, "At the time of Confucius, Qi was eager for utilitarianism, and he liked to boast and deceive, which was a Xi after hegemony. Lu Ze attaches great importance to etiquette, worships faith and righteousness, and still has the legacy of the previous kings, but people die and the government rests, and they cannot fall without waste (they cannot be abandoned and crashed).
It means that the Qi State should pay attention to the benevolent religion, and the Lu State should reorganize the abandoned benevolent religion!
So what is the meaning of this sentence?It proves that Confucius had a clear mind and a clear understanding of the times. Let people see the social reality clearly.
For example, in today's era, who can say that "country A will change to B, and country B will change to socialism"?If you can't say it, it proves that you don't know the reality clearly.
What does it mean to not be clear?For example, if a person is in a dark mountain, what will happen if it goes on like this for a long time?Will there be a disaster?
Zhu Xi's note: Yao, Lingye, or wine vessel, or wooden Jane, are all edged vessels.
Confucius said: "Yao can exist, Yao is in**!Pay attention to Yao!Pay attention to Yao!
Confucius sighed: The goblet does not exist. The renewal of a thing, this is natural. It cannot be said that Confucius could not keep up with the renewal and change of things. I can only guess that this Yao is related to the basic etiquette of the country and the basic social law. Therefore, Confucius repeatedly reminded him of this problem.
Zai I asked, "The benevolent one, although he told him, 'The well is benevolent.'" 'Where does it follow?'Zi said: "Why is it also?".A gentleman can pass away, but he cannot be trapped;You can be bullied, but you can't be reckless. ”
Zai asked Confucius: As a benevolent person, although he was told that "there is a virtuous person in the well water", would he obey the well water to save this person?What I mean by that is that if you are benevolent, then you should save people. But the danger in the deep well is very great, if you don't save it, isn't it not benevolent!
Confucius replied, "Why do you do this?"A gentleman can save people for the sake of benevolence, but he cannot be framed. A gentleman can be deceived, but not fooled!
Zi said: "A gentleman is erudite in literature, and he can be courteous, and he can also be a husband." ”
Confucius said: A gentleman must be erudite in literature, but in practical application, he must be restrained by courtesy. In this way, you can not betray your knowledge.
This "ceremony", there should be something Xi learned in the text, why do you have to restrain it?Therefore, it can only be said that the "rites" in this sentence refer to the application in real life. Some people are knowledgeable and knowledgeable, and they can't stop saying in books, saying so-and-so, thinking so-and-so, and so-and-so ism, immersing themselves in it, ignoring all things, and violating human etiquette, they will be divorced from reality, and as a result, they will go against their own intentions and do the opposite. It's kind of like dogmatism as it is now called.
Dogmatists, in the operation of their own knowledge, learn the etiquette within the scope of knowledge, can they not make dogmatic mistakes?
Etiquette is about the relationship between people and belongs to the category of "benevolence". What you have learned is in line with human etiquette, and then you can serve others, and this kind of knowledge is a reasonable use.
If things go too far, there must be restraints. This is the traditional Chinese way of thinking about yin and yang. Things develop in checks and balances. This is talking about a learned person, who is easy to go to extremes or be bound by knowledge, so there must be a constraint and reminder, and the thing that restricts and reminds is "etiquette".
When Zizi saw Nanzi, Zilu didn't say anything, and the master said: "If you don't give it, God will hate it!."God hate it!”
Nanzi, the wife of Duke Wei Ling, has a bad reputation in both government and private life. Zhu Xi note, no, it is not in line with etiquette, and it is not up to it.
When Confucius saw Nanzi, Zilu was not happy, thinking that Confucius was having an affair with him, so the Master swore that if I did something that was not in line with etiquette and violated benevolence, the heavens would be disgusted with me, and the heavens would be disgusted with me!
When Confucius saw Nanzi, he may have done it out of necessity. I didn't do anything out of line, Still, it's not okay if you don't understand, and maybe you'll mislead you!Therefore, Confucius attaches great importance to Zilu's attitude, so he said this sentence almost like a curse!
The meaning of "The Mean", simply explained, is just right. What's just right?That is, if things are not chaotic, there must be a way to move. As mentioned in the first chapter of "The Mean", it is necessary to contain but not to send, and it must be in the middle. That is, when doing things, first of all, do not move blindly, and when you move, you must conform to the truth of things. What kind of reasoning?In line with this truth, it will be "the status of heaven, and the moon of all things". It means to set the world and educate all things.
The Mean is to do things just right, so that the universe is stable and all things are educated. How the hell did you do it?Please see the annotations to the first chapter of "The Mean" (Respectful Edition) and check it out.
Confucius said: The golden mean, for the cultivation of benevolence, can be regarded as the ultimate!People have been lacking the golden mean for a long time!
Virtue is interpreted as the harvest of the way. Follow the way, how much you gain, how much virtue.
Zigong said: "If you can help the people by giving to the people, how can you do it?"It can be described as benevolentThe son said, "Whatever is benevolent will also be holy!"Yao, Shun Qi is still sick!Those who are benevolent will establish people if they want to establish themselves, and they will reach people if they want to reach them. It can be said that the prescription for benevolence has been taken. ”
Bosch --- is aimed at property.
The --- is aimed at unexpected difficulties.
Giving to the people and helping the people -- the popular point is not only to let the people live and work in peace and contentment, eat and dress well, but also to let the people have no unexpected difficulties, even if they have, they can also help each other.
It is not easy to be able to give;Bosch, it's even harder. Relief is even more difficult. This "disaster and difficulty" is easy to understand in terms of big aspects, and let's take an example of small aspects. For example, if someone doesn't have a fish to eat, they give a fish to someone. However, this person has inconvenient hands and feet and no one to take care of him, so he still can't eat, so he still has to think about the practical difficulties of helping this person, so that this person can eat fish and meat!If you do that, you're really a good person!
So, what a great thing it is to be able to give and help others!
Before communism was realized, many people thought that if they lived and worked in peace and contentment, had enough food and clothing, and communism would be realized. I just don't understand that there are still many "difficulties" for human beings!I don't even know how to work for it!In this way, social progress is slow!
Zigong said: What if we could give money to the people and relieve the actual suffering of the masses?Can it be regarded as benevolence?Confucius replied, "Why should we measure such practices by "benevolence"?When you do this, you must be a saint!Yao and Shun can't do this!For a person who truly keeps the path of benevolence, he can think of self-reliance (he doesn't want to be self-reliant, or he doesn't want to be self-reliant, how can he be a person!).and can use the standard of self-reliance to make others self-reliant;I can think of access (I don't think of access myself, or access is not what I want, how can I reach people!).And to be able to use one's own standards of accessibility to make others accessible (if you are accessible, there will be no disaster);Being able to speak from near to far, doing so is the strategy of benevolence!
It enables people to be self-reliant and accessible. Even if it is well established, there is no predicament. Whoever can do this is a saint!
Judging from this sentence, Confucius thought that Yao Shun was also lacking. In other words, Yao Shun was not a perfect person in the mind of Confucius. In other words, in the mind of Confucius, Yao Shun was not a saint. Those who study the thought of Confucius must pay attention to this.