Potato belongs to the Solanaceae family and Solanaceae, which is an annual herbaceous plant. The main features are tuber propagation, seed propagation, and stem segment propagation. It is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, the United States and Oceania. It has been cultivated for 8,000 years. It was introduced to China in 1650 and is now widely cultivated throughout China. It is used as both grain and vegetable in the northeast, northwest and southwest alpine areas, and is mostly used as vegetables in North China and the Jianghuai River Basin.
Morphological characteristics
Root:Potatoes are shallow root crops, most of the roots are distributed on the surface of the soil, the general root system extends outward to a small range, about 50, the root system is distributed under the surface 30 40, and the depth can reach 70. The root of the potato is an organ that absorbs nutrients and water, and also serves as a fixed plant.
Stem:The stem of the potato is divided into two parts: above ground and underground. The above-ground stems are green or have purple pigments attached, the main stem ends with flower buds capped, and the underground stem includes the underground part of the main stem, the stolon, and the tuber.
Ye:Potato leaves, like the leaves of other green plants, have chloroplasts that absorb sunlight and produce energy-rich organic matter (sugars, starches, proteins, fats, etc.) from the nutrients and water absorbed by the roots, as well as carbon dioxide absorbed by the leaves themselves in the air, and release oxygen. These organic substances, through above-ground stems, underground stems, and stolons, are transported to the tubers for storage, and are used when roots, stems, leaves, flowers, etc. are grown.
Flowers:The flower of potato is not only the organ of potato sexual reproduction, but also an obvious basis for identifying potato varieties, and the only part for artificial cross breeding.
Fruits and seeds:The fruit of the potato and its seeds are the only unique organs of the potato for sexual reproduction.
Growing conditions
Soil:Potatoes have a wide range of soil adaptation, except for too sticky, too acidic, too alkaline soil, can be planted. However, it is suitable for the fertile sandy loam soil with a deep and loose tillage layer, good drainage and aeration, and rich in organic matter. In weakly acidic soils (pH 55-6.5) Potatoes grow well. But it is too acidic (pH 4.).8 below), the leaf color of the plant becomes lighter, it is easy to premature decay and die, and the yield decreases;If the soil is too alkaline (pH above 7), the yield will decline faster and scabs will easily occur.
Moisture:Potatoes are water-intensive crops, i.e. 400 600 k** per 1 kg of dry matter formed. Therefore, the amount of soil moisture has a great impact on the growth and yield of potato, and it is necessary to ensure that there is suitable water in each growth and development stage of potato in order to obtain better quality and higher yield.
Temperature:Potatoes like cold and cold, not high temperatures, and the average temperature during the growth period is 17 21 is suitable.
The amount of fertilizer required during the whole growth period
The amount of fertilizer required during the whole growth period of potatoes is larger, and every 1000kg of potatoes produced needs to absorb N 5kg, P2O5 2kg, and K2O 106kg, which is a typical potassium-loving crop, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is about n:p2o5 k2o=2:1:4.
The role of n, p, and k at different growth stages
Seedling stage:During the vegetative growth period, the demand for N and K for plant growth is constantly high, so the fertilizer with high nitrogen, low phosphorus and low potassium should be supplemented in time, and the available phosphorus level in the soil should be considered in the bottom fertilizer, and the appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer should be supplemented.
Tuber formation period:During vegetative growth and reproductive growth periods, the demand for N and K was still high, and the demand for N>K and P was also high. Timely supplement high nitrogen and high potassium fertilizers, and appropriate amounts of phosphate fertilizers.
Tuber expansion period:At the end of vegetative growth, the N requirement begins to decrease, the N requirement increases dramatically, and the P requirement decreases. Reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to the application of potassium fertilizer, and supplement calcium and magnesium and other medium and trace elements.
Therefore, in the process of fertilization, it is necessary to carry out scientific and effective fertilization according to the law of fertilizer demand.
The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was different at different growth stages, and the nitrogen uptake rate was in the early stage of tuber expansionThe potassium absorption rate was higher in both tuber formation and starch accumulation stages.
The role of trace elements
In the growth and development of potatoes, which have significant physiological functions of trace elements are boron, zinc, manganese, copper, titanium, etc., according to the determination, in the tuber expansion period, the content of various trace elements in the fresh leaves of potatoes, manganese 30-50mg kg, zinc 20-40mg gk, iron 70-150mk kg. Potatoes are sensitive to the lack of manganese, relatively weak to boron and zinc, but insensitive to the lack of copper, iron and aluminum. In terms of demand, potatoes have a high demand for manganese, and relatively low requirements for boron and copper.
Fertilization management programmes
1. Potato selection, dicing, and germination
After the potato seeds are selected, we need to cut the seeds into pieces, because a potato seed will have many sprouts on it, so it is recommended to cut all potato seeds into pieces.
Each potato seed will have a top and tail, the top bud eye is the best, try to leave the top bud eye, and leave one or two bud eyes for a seed block.
When the potatoes are cut into pieces, we need to sprinkle plant ash on the potato incision to let the plant ash adhere to the cut and speed up the healing of the potato woundFinally, put the potatoes in a place, preferably a slightly damp place, and the potato wedges will sprout quickly.
Second, plough and apply bottom fertilizer to improve the land
Ridge and furrow 12-1.3m bag ditch, furrow width 075-0.85m, furrow height 025-0.3m, ditch width 045-0.5m。Then apply an appropriate amount of farmhouse fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, and use 2000 kg of rotted manure per mu plus 80 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.
3. Plant potatoes in separate holes and plant them reasonably densely
Potatoes are upright and compact, suitable for dense planting, generally sowing 4000-5000 plants per mu, when sowing, according to the potato nub part or bud length classification sowing, one piece per hole, zigzag planting, row plant spacing 25-30 cm, bud eye downward, such as furrow fertilization, bud eye lateral inward, potato nuggets can not be directly in contact with fertilizer, the amount of seed per mu is about 125-150 kg.
Fourth, after the emergence of potatoes, thin the seedlings and top dressing
After the potato cubes are planted, the seedlings will emerge after about 5 days, and when the potato seedlings grow to a height of more than 15 cm, we need to start topdressingAt this time, potatoes are mainly seedlings, therefore, the main direction of our fertilization is nitrogen fertilizer, we can use our own fermented liquid fertilizer + chicken manure or potassium sulfate fertilizer, liquid fertilizer is mainly to supplement nitrogen nutrients. At the same time, we need to thin the seedlings in time and cut off the weak seedlings in the same nest to leave strong seedlings.
When the potatoes begin to grow roots, we mainly use farmhouse fertilizer + plant ash (or chicken manure, potassium sulfate) for top dressing;Potatoes have a high yield, mainly relying on plant ash, so it is recommended that when planting potatoes, try to find some plant ash to fertilize, and potatoes will grow in a nest.
Apply base fertilizer in mid-December:
Potatoes should be re-applied with base fertilizer, one mu as a unit, with 500-1000kg of well-rotted farmhouse fertilizer or 200-300kg of organic fertilizer plus 40kg of balanced fertilizer (15-15-15), sprinkled in the ground, as a full-layer base fertilizer.
Note: Potatoes are chlorine-resistant crops, and chlorine-containing fertilizers such as potassium chloride, ammonium chloride and chloride-containing compound fertilizers and compound fertilizers cannot be applied.
Top dressing:
Primary topdressing: After the seedlings are gathered, it is used to strengthen the seedlings and set potatoes, at this time it is the first fertilization time (choose a fertilizer with high nitrogen, low phosphorus and low potassium - 10-10), nitro calcium and magnesium fertilizer 5kg mu, sprinkle or flush. Exhibitions, conferences, dining, accommodation, shopping as one of the large-scale exhibition complex.
Fifth, control Wang picking buds
When the potato seedlings grow to the ridge, that is, when the flower buds begin to appear, it is necessary to pay attention to controlling their vigorous growth, and the method can be to pinch the buds, pinch the tip, and spray chlormequat if necessary. If the seedlings grow wildly, the potatoes will not have sufficient nutrients to develop, which will lead to low yields, which is a key step for high yields.
6. Timely watering:
Potato is a water-sensitive crop, and the principle of moistening in the early stage, more water in the middle and less water in the later stage is mastered. Irrigate 4-7 days after sowing to moisten the soil. The seedling stage should be watered appropriately according to the actual situation, and the peak water demand of potatoes at the flowering stage should be maintained in order to maintain sufficient water, and the stagnant water should be drained 20 days before harvest to prevent stagnant water from causing rotten potatoes, and too much rain should be ditched and drained.
7. Prevention and control of pests and diseases
Early-maturing potato plants are susceptible to bacterial wilt, ring rot, and late (early) blight, which are difficult to control once they occur, so they should be implemented"Prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control".The plant protection policy strengthens prevention and control. Difenoconazole, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil and other agents can be used to prevent and control diseases. The main insect pests are aphids, ground tigers, grubs, etc. For specific control measures, please consult local agricultural technicians.
What are the remedies for potato frost damage?
After the potato is damaged by frost, it has poor disease and insect resistance, and is easily damaged by diseases and insects, resulting in yellow leaves and dead leaves and dead roots and seedlings, reducing yield. So, what are the remedies for potatoes after frost damage?
Remedies for frost damage to potatoes
1.Scientific fertilizers
Fertilization should be carried out after the frost damage is relieved and the plant grows again, and it is important not to fertilize immediately after the frost damage. For mildly frozen fields, foliar fertilization can be carried out with photosynthetic nutrient film fertilizer combined with potassium hydrogen phosphate solution per mu to enhance plant resistance and resume growth as soon as possible.
2.Ditch drainage
For low-lying fields, drainage ditches should be excavated as soon as possible after the frost damage is relieved to reduce the water level, remove water, avoid potato rotting, and increase the soil temperature as soon as possible to promote the recovery of plant growth.
3.Check for replanting
When the frozen part of the underground seed potato is checked and found to be frozen and rotten, it will be removed and replanted in time. Before sowing, the new high-fat film is used to dress the seeds, which can keep warm, moisturize, absorb swell, improve the germination rate of seeds, and make the seedlings robust. Repel underground pests and isolate viral infections.
4.Take care to prevent the recurrence of low-temperature frosts
Pay close attention to the weather forecast, and if there is frost, cover it with mulch such as mulch before the frost. If the conditions do not allow, smoke measures should be taken to prevent freezing.
What is potato wilt?How to control potato wilt?
Causes of potato bacterial wilt
Sowing seed potatoes with bacteria, with the rise of temperature after germination, the bacteria proliferate and expand rapidly, which can cause seed potato rot, young shoots die or plant wilting in the middle and late stages.
The spread of pathogens in the field is mainly through irrigation water, rainwater, soil tillage and insects, etc., and the cutter can also transfer the bacteria carried by the diseased potatoes to the healthy seed potatoes when cutting into cubes.
High temperature, high humidity and rainfall are the main factors that induce the occurrence and epidemic of bacterial wilt, especially after rain, the temperature of 30 37 is more conducive to the epidemic of the disease.
Others, such as low-lying soils, heavy clay soils, acidic soils, or continuous cropping with Solanaceae and other host crops, are also more severe.
Methods for the control of potato bacterial wilt
1.Choose disease-free seed potatoes. Before sowing the seed potatoes transferred from other provinces, pay attention to the selection of disease-free seeds, pay special attention when cutting pieces, and remove the seed potatoes with bacteria if they are found, and disinfect the cutter with 75% alcohol before continuing to use
2.Crop rotation is practiced. It should not be combined with Solanaceae vegetables or peanuts, soybeans and other crops or adjacent crops;
3.Sow whole potatoes in small pieces of healthy seed potatoes to avoid contamination caused by cutting;
4.Strengthen cultivation and disease control measures, such as cleaning the field, turning the soil, and applying lime appropriately to reduce soil acidity. Do not use unrotted soil miscellaneous fertilizer that may carry bacteria, increase the application of high-quality organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to prevent flooding, and immediately pull out the diseased plants found in the field, and apply an appropriate amount of lime to the diseased holes to prevent the spread of bacteria.
What is potato black shin disease?How to prevent potato black shin disease?
For farmers, once this disease appears, it is difficult to prevent and control and cause serious harm, which seriously causes lack of seedlings and broken ridges, and will also cause rotten cellars during the storage period.
So, what is potato black shin disease?How to prevent potato black shin disease?
Symptoms of potato black shin disease
The disease can occur from seedling stage to late growth stage, mainly affecting the base of plant stems and tubers. When the seedlings reach 16 cm, they will stop growing, the plants will become short, the leaves will slowly curl and turn green, and the roots will slowly turn black.
If you cut it crosswise with a knife, you won't notice that all three major vascular bundles have turned brown.
In addition, the plant will emit a strange smell.
Prevention and control methods of potato black shank disease
During the harvest season, carefully select good potatoes and remove sick potatoes.
Choose good disease-free seed potatoes and put them in a cool place for 2-3 days ** cellar.
In the second year of the potato out of the warehouse, when the potato is out of the warehouse, a batch of diseases is removed again.
After leaving the warehouse, mild diseases can be cleaned up with germinators.
What is potato ring rot?How to prevent potato ring rot?
For planting potatoes at the same time, because potatoes are a kind of crops that grow in the ground, then it is inevitable that diseases will occur, today let's talk about the causes and control techniques of the common potato disease "ring rot", hoping to help the majority of growers.
Symptoms of potato ring rot
(1) The onset of the disease in the growth period, the initial aboveground part gradually wilts, and the leaves curl inward。After the plant slowly dies, sometimes the stem of the diseased plant leaf tip phase leaf edge becomes brown, giving birth to yellow and green mottled spots, when the disease is severe, causing the whole leaf to die in disguise, or even the whole plant to die.
(2) Tuber disease, light appearance asymptomatic appearance, cut the tuberThe vascular bundles turn pale yellow, and when the disease is severe, the outer skin of the potato pieces is soft, rough, and easy to remove, the vascular bundles are darkly discolored, and the subcortical necrotic part is ring-shaped.
Prevention and control of potato ring rot
1. Seed potato selection:Before sowing, select healthy potatoes, eliminate diseased potatoes, remove rotten potato pieces, and germinate at a higher temperature before sowing, so that the diseased potatoes appear obvious symptoms and be eliminated. Or put the seed potatoes indoors for 5-6 days before sowing, dry the seeds, and constantly remove the rotten potatoes, so that the ring rot in the field is greatly reduced.
2. Prohibition of continuous cropping:During the growth period, it prevents water accumulation or overwatering, and reduces the chance of disease. Advocate ridge planting, timely cultivation of soil, increase the level of potato formation, and improve the disease resistance of plants. Diseased plants were found, cleaned up the diseased remains, and taken out of the plot for disinfection. Quicklime is sprinkled around the diseased plants for disinfection.
3. Medication treatment:The field is not sick or at the beginning of the disease with 5% amino-oligosaccharides 1000 times for prevention and control, spraying once every 7-10 days, and spraying 2-3 times in a row for prevention and control.
How to do potato fertilization?How to fertilize potatoes!
Potatoes need a lot of nutrients and minerals throughout their growth in order to harvest a certain yield. So, how to do potato fertilization?
How to fertilize potatoes!
Aboveground stems and leaves are grown in the early stage, and underground tubers are grown in the later stage. The demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is large, and according to the law of nutrient demand, the potassium deficiency in the soil in the south is serious, and special attention should be paid to increasing the application of potassium fertilizer.
The available potassium in the soil in the north is higher than that in the south, but many soils have phosphorus deficiency, the application of potassium fertilizer is not widespread at present, and the soil potassium has been exhausted year after year, so we should pay attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer at the same time, we should also pay attention to the application of potassium fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer.
In the fertilization method, basal fertilizer and top dressing should be used, and the distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is 50% nitrogen fertilizer, all phosphate fertilizer and most of the potassium fertilizer in the base fertilizer.
Fertilizer varieties can be compound fertilizer, or simple fertilizer can be used. Top dressing with 50% nitrogen and a small amount of potassium.
Where the potato is fertilized
In the fertilization position, the basal fertilizer is applied in the ditch or hole before planting, and the depth is about 15 cm.
Top dressing is applied between the rows or in the side strips or holes. The fertilizer is buried at a depth of 5 8 cm, and can be irrigated and covered with soil after fertilization. When topdressing at one time, the time should not be too early, and then proceed when the potato pieces enter the expansion stage.
Premature topdressing, especially a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer, will cause the problem of vigorous growth in the aboveground and small tubers in the underground.
hello in december