Qing DynastyHow many officials are the academic administrations?What is the relationship with the Governor?
A few grades of academic and political official positions
The Ming and Qing dynasties attached great importance to schools and imperial examinations. At the local level, there are school officials to manage the educational affairs of the provinces. However, in terms of specific duties, the Ming Dynasty scholars were called "Tixue", while in the early Qing Dynasty they were called "Xuedao". In the Ming Dynasty, the school was subordinate to the locality, there was no independent yamen, and the grade was not fixed, and most of them were the four grades. If it is a scholar in the capacity of a servant, the grade is the positive five grades.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the provinces set up the Inspectorate Dao, which was served by those who were born in the middle of the Ministry of Langzhong, which was called Xuedao. During the Kangxi period, it was stipulated that the academic officials of each province were appointed by the Hanlin officials and subordinate officials. Those who were born as Hanlin officials were called "Xuezheng", and those who were subordinate officials were called "Xuedao".
During the Yongzheng period, the title of Xuedao was abolished, and it was uniformly called Xuezheng, and according to the first rank of the origin, the titles of Hanlin editing and review were added, forming a fixed system.
In other words, the level of academic and political performance in each province is not fixed. Taking the ministry as an example, if you serve as a school administrator, the grade is the fifth grade;If it is a member of the outside Lang, it is from the fifth grade. If it is a Hanlin official, it is more attached to the title of editing and reviewing, and the grade is only from the seventh grade.
However, in the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods, the grades of Xuezheng were improved, and they were usually selected by Shilang, Jingtang, Han Zhan, Kedao Jinshi and others, and retained the original ranks. However, in most cases, it is still selected by Han Zhan and awarded the title of squire, or directly appointed as a squire, with the rank of Zheng Erpin.
It can be understood in this way that before Jiaqing, the grade of academic politics generally did not exceed three grades;After Jiaqing, most of the scholars and politicians were born in Hanlin, and the title of squire was increased, which belonged to the second-class members. In terms of grade, the status of the academic administration and the governor of each province is equal.
Unlike the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty made local education an independent system, with the Xuezheng having an independent yamen, and was also given the authority to perform secret affairs, and was not subordinate to the governor. Whether it is status or authority, it is far more than the Ming Dynasty's learning.
The relationship between academic administration and supervision
The term of office of Xuezheng is three years, and after the end of each township examination, the Ministry of Officials and the Military Aircraft Department need to renominate the list of candidates for Xuezheng in each province, and it is rare for Xuezheng to be re-elected (although it is not absolute, for example, Zhang Tingyu's younger brother Zhang Tinglu was re-elected as Jiangsu Xuezheng).
In terms of the nature of the post, Xuezheng is not a formal official, but a kind of "dispatch", which can be understood as a minister appointed by the imperial court to manage the education and imperial examinations of a province. Therefore, the seal used by the school administration is the same as that of the superintendent, which is called "Guanfang".
In the Qing Dynasty's local bureaucratic system, the governor and governor were the highest military and political chiefs, in addition to the Eight Banners garrison generals and commanders. According to the Qing bureaucratic system, the governor was required to consult with the generals and governors for major local affairs, and jointly petitioned the imperial court. In the order of ranking, the general was in first place, followed by the governor and governor.
The provincial school administration cannot participate in local administration, so it will not be jointly signed with the governor. However, the status of Xuezheng is very high, and the normal ranking is below the generals and governors, ranking above the political envoys and the envoys.
The Qing Dynasty set up local officials, whose duties and authority often overlapped, not only allowing governors, governors, garrison generals, etc. to supervise each other, but also adding a school administrator, who was specifically responsible for school and examination affairs, and gave them the power to supervise whether there was any private malpractice in the locality.
In addition, the emperor also stipulated that the governor was required to supervise and report on the performance of the school administration, and commented on it at the end of the year. It can be seen that the school administration can supervise the superintendent, and the superintendent can also supervise the school administration, which is a thoughtful arrangement.
Although the system is arranged in this way, the governors who have already served in many positions have long been old fritters in the officialdom, and the emperor may have completely underestimated the survival wisdom and coordination ability of his subordinates. Xuezheng is generally a first-time officer, and he is not very familiar with the local situation, so he naturally respects all parties very much. As long as there are no issues of principle involved, no one will tear their skins.
In the same way, the Governors knew that the future was limitless, and that their tenure was only a transition and that they might later serve in the Cabinet, so they were happy to be friendly and entertain and give gifts to support the scholars.
During the Jia and Dao periods, many ministers and important ministers had the experience of serving as scholars and superintendents. The task of the school is to preside over the township examination of a certain province, which is only a one-time mission, but for those poor Hanlin, being able to serve as a school poor means that they can solve the financial pressure they face. In just a few months, they can get at least a few thousand taels of benefits.
Once they are elected as a school administrator, they can move towards a well-off life. Unlike other would-be magistrates, Xuezheng was routinely not allowed to bring his family members with him, and could only bring eight cronies and some scribes, plus a palanquin driver and domestic servants.
During the three-year tenure of the academic administration, in addition to the salary, there was also a certain amount of incorruptible silver, but it was much less than that of the superintendent. Taking Jiangxi as an example, Xuezheng is 3,500 taels of silver every year, if you count the filial piety of the local people at all levels, then you can also get 10,000 taels of silver every year in addition to expenses, which can be regarded as a lucrative errand.