The Qing Dynasty's academic and political grade is revealed, what kind of ** is qualified to hold this position?
Spoken"Academic Politics"This official position, which many people are familiar with, is mainly responsible for the cultural and educational work of the province. However, at different points in time, the status of Xuezheng has changed somewhat subtly, and its level, qualifications and specific tasks are not the same.
1.The basic evolution of academic politics.
The Qing Dynasty academic and political system originated in the Ming Dynasty. Under the Ming system, the enrollment of students in the prefecture, province and county was originally managed by the Metropolitan Procuratorate, the Department of Political Envoys, and the provincial and county schools. In the Orthodox years, scholars began to appear who were only concerned with education and neglected local civil affairs. However, due to the close relationship between the scholar and the imperial court, there are many civil cases, and the scholar can accept the case, but has no right to deal with it, and should be handed over to other administrative departments to deal with.
At the same time, according to the regulations of the Ming Dynasty, the prefect and the two political envoys could not interfere in the affairs of the school. There were also loopholes in the system itself, and the school officials had the title of deputy director, and they were commanders, who had to obey the prefect's words and often relied on accommodation, and were unable to promote their own work.
It is not difficult to see that the magistrates of the Ming Dynasty actually belonged to a certain class. Until the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the same practice was basically followed, and the governors Xu Dao and the capital commanders were set up in each province to command the envoys, and at the same time, the deputy capital imperial history and the sub-patrol roads were the most.
Since the 23rd year of Kangxi, the academic politics of various provinces have changed greatly. This year: the academic officials of the three provinces of Shuntian, Jiangnan and Zhejiang were all filled by Hanlin officials;In the rest of the provinces, the scholars were all promoted to the top five grades, and the officials of Langzhong, Senate, Taoist, and Prefect participated in the election.
Since then, the provincial scholars have been divided into two categories"Superintendent"Filling, also known as"Learn right"；"Learn right"It is filled by the Criminal Department and other **, also known as"Superintendent"。The three provinces of Shuntian, Jiangnan and Zhejiang have the most people who participate in the imperial examination because of their superior literary style, so the imperial court attaches the highest importance to these three provinces, and it is reasonable to set up **.
During the Yongzheng period, some changes took place. The name of the academic administration of each province is single, but the appointment of the ministry and the academy members, according to the order of origin, each with the title of Hanlin Academy editing and examination. Later, the identity of Xuezheng also changed, and he was directly subordinate to the Ministry of Rites, and there was no more"Road address", hence the name"The prefect of the school administration"。
That is to say, starting from Yongzheng, the Ministry of Rites established by the provinces is no longer a local **, and the official rank is unknown, such as Shuntian Xuezheng belongs to a high position, generally a division of the Ministry of Officials and Households, and the other provinces are Hanlin, Zhan Shi, and the Ministry of Science and Technology.
2. Term of office and specific tasks.
The three-year term of office of a scholar is a well-known problem, and the key is that the term of office of a scholar must be linked to the imperial examination. According to the regulations, after the end of each provincial examination, the imperial court will select a person to serve as the provincial academic administration, and the next provincial examination will be three years, except for vacancies. During the Qing Dynasty, the provincial school administration was not allowed to be re-elected.
After Yongzheng, this duty does not seem to belong to the level of **, but is included"Errand service"scope. Although the provinces do not have specific ranks, only the original titles. However, in the official system of the Qing Dynasty, according to the division of the two divisions, the status of Xuezheng was very high, second only to the governor, and higher than the civil official political envoy.
Unlike the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty's academic administration was not under the control of the governor, because the governor was not a local **. The school administration is responsible for controlling working conditions, school appearance, morals, culture and the way in which orders are given. After the emergence of school administration, it took the lead in the province to conduct a thorough survey of Confucian students at all levels to understand the overall level of Confucian students.
School leaders also go to provinces, prefectures, and counties to preside over examinations every year. The academy examination is an important part of the imperial examination, and it is also the selection of talents, and it is the first merit in the life of a scholar.
In fact, during his three-year tenure as secretary of the academy, the workload was so heavy that he had to travel all over the province to preside over the court examinations. After the court examination, he also has to strictly supervise and supervise the admission of students, and preside over the annual examination, especially the district examination of the year, so that qualified students can actively participate in the district examination at the same time, and let the students selected by the court examination be sent to the college for further study.
In addition, the imperial court also has many restrictions on the running of the school, for example, the unofficial work of the school management shall not receive **, teachers and students as required, shall not accept civil cases, shall not handle any local administrative affairs outside the school, and shall not visit the nobles on duty.
However, since the Qianlong period, interference in local administrative affairs has occasionally occurred. For example, in the 51st year of Qianlong, Dou Guangnai, who was the governor of Zhejiang at that time, overstepped his authority and found that the province was in deficit, and Emperor Qianlong sent A Gui and other ministers to Zhejiang to investigate.
It was theoretically illegal to interfere with local administration, but because of the emperor's favor, some schools were granted the right to secretly convene, and some provinces even put secret convocations in schools or under the emperor's nose, which is another matter.
The Qing Dynasty was very particular about the simple management of school recall, and it was a great honor for these small Beijing officials to be placed under the supervision of the school leaders or county schools. Under normal circumstances, ** can be a term of academic administration, and the career prospects are very broad, and after one term, he will be promoted according to the routine.