The Analects of Confucius is a clear theory of education, a sentence that has been seriously misunderstood since the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Father, I am watching his will;Father, I didn't look at his deeds. Three years, no change;For the father, the way can be called filial piety.
This is the first time in the Analects that Confucius has written about "filial piety".
And the core of all this thinking is inseparable from this word - Father.
First, re-acquaint ourselves with the word "father".
Said the text of the father, the moment also;Home, the long-term leader of the teacher. Again, raise the staff.
To understand this commentary, we must return to the state of clan or extended family living together in order to understand it.
Old man Xu means: the elder who undertakes the cultivation of family talents is called the father. That's what it means to be an elder brother like a father. It is not that the elder brother has the status of a father, but that the elder brother also assumes the function of educating and nurturing younger siblings. It's not that the elder brother is the same as the father.
This was common knowledge in ancient times, and those who have been elder brothers probably know better what it means - role model.
Again, it means to be strict;Raising a cane is to cultivate a well-behaved and capable person.
The word cane is understood today as a cane, and this word is in Mr. Xu's annotation: "Recommend talents." ”
Therefore, it is extended that it has the power to cultivate and control talents.
"Raising a cane" originally meant cultivating the children of the family to become talents, and later became "filial piety under the stick".
The word "stick" has nothing to do with the stick, and the original meaning of this word is to grasp the high-level wisdom of the law of cultivating talents. Therefore, Mr. Xu annotated the word "cane" as: So, to help the line also. The "walk" in the mouth of the ancients is not walking, but refers to people's cognition and behavior.
The "so" here refers to a person's natural talents, or the direction of life growth. This also shows Mr. Xu's profound thoughts and profound culture.
Go back to the hieroglyphs and see what exactly the word "father" says
The father character is the highest application of the word "丨" in the hieroglyphs, and the word "father" has the same application principle of the word also: "Sheng, Wang, Bu, Tu, Ten, Cai, Shen, Mu, Di, Niu, Shang, etc.", "Shen" character research has been wrong, from the seal script and the writing of the word "Shen" and the original meaning of the word "Shen", it is impossible to write the depiction of two groups.
This should be a deviation in the collation of data or in research.
This concept is equivalent to the writing of Chinese characters, and the application of Latin suddenly appeared in the radicals, which is a serious violation of the principles and laws of character creation.
The meaning and connotation of the word "Shen" are very, very important in the Chinese characters.
Whether it is earth, life, talent, ten, shang, king, shen, divination or the rest, they are all related to talent, heavenly rules, and laws.
"Bu" is not a superstitious activity, but a way of observing and reasoning about the laws of a thing by the ancients. King Wen's divination is not what we understand today, but a variety of reasoning based on the evolution of information, data, phenomena and laws.
For example, our word "cai" originally means "a person who is proficient in a certain law and can apply it flexibly." The word "丨" in the word "making" emphasizes the meaning of "through", and the "one" of the word "cai" has a clear principle of "integration", so the word "cai" contains a certain law to achieve "integration".
The idiom "Integrate and understand" comes from Zhu Xi, just these four words, only by experiencing them can you understand the mystery, and language can no longer express it. It is like such a thorough description, and many people who have not experienced such feelings can only stay in the literal meaning.
Therefore, the first meaning of the word "father" is: "the one who is in charge of the law of inheritance." ”
What is the law?
This is the origin of our ancients' "teaching by word and deed", a child's character and conduct often come from the father's teaching and restraint, and one of the conditions for a person to be recognized in society is first of all "conduct".
This kind of education, which is responsible for "inheriting the rules and abiding by the rules", is the original meaning of the word "father" in the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty.
According to the "Book of Rites", it is recorded that the ancient teachers have a school, the party has a school, the art is orderly, and the state has a school. This is not to say that there are four ways of education, but to say that there are four stages of a person's achievement, enlightenment education is called "juku", and "village school" is today's "compulsory education", so it is called "庠";With the accumulation of knowledge as they grow older, they begin to divide into majors, similar to today's division of university majors, which was called "order" in ancient times.
And some peerless geniuses finally enter a certain field for in-depth research, which is called "learning".
Similar to today's "Chinese Academy of Sciences".
From the perspective of the characteristics of education in the Han Dynasty, family enlightenment education is highly valued. In the pre-Qin period, the patriarch of the family was often in charge, and most families would establish their own "private schools".
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the "father" underwent great changes, and the key to this change was that the character "again" was transformed into a combination of the character "凵" and the character "l", and the "l" had a pronunciation of "yi" or "yin", which was influenced by the character "乚", but in fact it was not the same kind of script. The earliest way to write "l" was this character" This character is pronounced today as "yǐn", but in fact, the sound behind this character and the character "mutual" belong to the rhyme of "wu".
The original meaning of the word is: children also;Small rule, invisible.
The simple understanding is: gradually cultivate into a "wise" person.
Let's look at the word "凵" again. This character has always been pronounced "fan" rhyme during the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, and today's pronunciation is "qian" or "kan", which was a two-tone double-rhyme word in ancient times.
There are two other words related to this word, namely: 冂 and 匚.
冂 is pronounced as: jiong, the table is open, unobstructed, and open;Therefore, it is extended to the suburbs, far away, etc.
匚 "reads: fang, table reserve, storage, tolerance, breeding;By extension, it is "the instrument of receiving things". Table "Raw".
When we see a figure in different directions, the concept of expression will change with the change of direction, and its essence is to reveal a certain idea or idea.
The original meaning of "凵" is "to fall into", so it is the same as "kan". In the application of the word "father", it means "confused, confused, in need of help".
The "father" in the Spring and Autumn Period was composed of a combination of " " and "凵", and the word "" directly passed through the word "凵", and the meaning was very clear, that is, to help the "child" grow up and get out of confusion.
By extension, it is the original intention of the Father to guide the life of life.
Because of this, the word "father" in the "Interpretation of Names" has been added to "the one who has been born." annotations.
But in this kind of commentary, there is already a very clear blood relationship, or dependency relationship.
In fact, this interpretation of the previous "Father, Fu also." ”
This expression is a more intimate expression of education, and "fu" is an expression of character, learning, and thought. For example, Confucius is called: Nifu.
The "Shuowen" annotates "Fu" as: Men's good name is also. Beauty here does not mean pretty, good-looking, handsome, but refers to a man's character, words, deeds, thoughts, and deeds to the extreme state. In ancient times, as long as beautiful men were men, they mostly referred to talent, deeds, and outstanding character.
Therefore, the "father" in "Interpretation of Names" is actually a high-level educational requirement, and there is the possibility of "birth" later.
This principle was later jokingly called by the folk saying: "A dragon gives birth to a dragon, a phoenix gives birth to a phoenix, and the son of a mouse will make a hole." ”
This kind of extension actually emphasizes the great significance of "family education".
If a child grows up and is educated in a different environment, he will definitely have different achievements and life.
Erya Liberation Family" is interpreted as "the father is the test", and later generations often say "such as mourning and examining", which is how it came. However, "test" is not the meaning of Dad, but the meaning of correction, raising, training, education, and supervision.
If we study carefully, we find that even in the Song Dynasty in ancient times, the first meaning of the word "father" is not the relationship of blood inheritance, but the influence on the growth of juniors.
Father's word: The one who grows me is also, and the father is called;The one who becomes me is also, said Fu.
Father, the long is the child's "will".
I changed "sheng" to "long", which is more in line with the meaning of the contemporary word "father", the word "sheng" itself is very valuable, but today's people can no longer recognize the important ideological value of the word "sheng", and it is easier to understand the word "long".
Long: Birth, distance, longevity, progress.
From the perspective of raising and educating children, paying attention to the development of children's own talents, interests and happiness is more in line with the future growth of children.
This way of raising children is more long-term in the future, and the life is more positive and healthy.
Lu Aigong once asked Confucius many times: "The son obeys the father's order, and filial piety."”
Confucius never answered, and it was not until after he left Lu Aigong that Zigong asked Confucius, and Confucius said, "The father has a dispute, but the son does not."Be rude. ”
What Lu Aigong asked meant: Is it the best way for successful people to lie entirely in the "family education" plan and arrangement, and for parents to cultivate their children according to their own thoughts and cognitions?
Confucius said to Zigong that a truly successful "family education" lies in respecting and listening to children's ideas, seeing their differences, and giving them good support and understanding. This kind of education will allow children to find their own life path through continuous self-exploration.
Rudeness, here refers to a person's "self-awareness" is gradually discovered through self-continuous learning, action, and thinking, and "rudeness" is obtained here as a "self-life" exploration to form a high-level self-restraint and free growth and balanced development.
This is also the origin of the saying that "the state has contention with ministers, and the father has contention with the son" after the Han Dynasty. The purpose of "fighting" is: "Let yourself see what you can't see." ”
It is not rigorous to understand "father" directly as "guardian", and our word "father" is much stricter than "guardian". It is not just to raise, but also to cultivate, and our ancients called the children born in the family "sons." ”
The original intention is to tell every father and parent that you are giving birth to a "son".
The "son" itself means a great, great achievement.
To a certain extent: "There are no bad children, only bad parents." Later, Confucius also had such a theory, when the ideas are highly matched, the views are often highly consistent.
That's the resonance of ideas.
What the father brings to his children in family education is "wisdom, rationality, thinking, responsibility, responsibility, and bravery." ”
And what mothers bring to their children is "sensual, tolerant, kind, and awe." "One yin and one yang is teaching.
Under the joint combination of parents, the children who are educated can have both "character" and "talent".
In the family education, the mother is the king, the father is the minister, the monarch and the minister, and the son of man.
Therefore, when educating boys, the father mostly plays the role of "good person", and the mother is mostly the role of "evil person", the principle lies in the natural sensual color of "women" and the natural advantages of mothers, no matter how strict the mother is to the son, it is difficult for the son to hold grudges.
Sons who have achieved success in particular tend to be more grateful to their stern mothers.
This is also the ancient young emperor to inherit the unification, must be the mother to "hang the curtain", the reason is that the minister can not strictly control the future ruler of the world, Zhang Juzheng actually did not understand this truth.
Men know men best, and when the emperor grew up, he thought, you old thing for your own so-called interests, under the banner of "for the world", has not bullied me.
Such emotions are the true feelings of Wanli when he grows older.
Mother is different, the minister expressed the emperor's problem implicitly, and as soon as the mother heard that she returned to the harem, even if the little emperor rolled on the ground with a ring ruler, he would understand his mother's good intentions when he became an adult.
Because, a mother's love is selfless most of the time.
Family education is definitely not a simple matter of having money, registering for classes, getting high scores, and getting into a prestigious school, although these are an important choice that is helpless today, but it is not the only one.
Second, talk about the word.
Let's go back to the hieroglyphs and understand the meaning of the word "in" and its derivation.
The principle of "sharing of figures" is used in the word "double figure", and the purpose is to highly superimpose the principle and meaning of the double figure to form a two-way standard.
In the word: "In, the established way of presenting the established laws of things." ”
Through "self-exploration" and "self-discovery" about the inner laws and life value of their own life, each person completes the presentation of "self-life value" through "self-effort".
The core of the word "self" is "self", and the realization of the value of "self" must go through three stages: "exploration", "discovery" and "mastery".
Only on these three foundations can we complete the social presentation of "the value of one's own life".
Therefore, our culture constantly emphasizes "introspection", "introspection" is not self-condemnation, the real meaning lies in "self-thinking" and "self-discovery", when life truly has "self", it is life "free".
When a person dares to dry himself in "broad daylight", such a person is infinitely close to himself.
Mistakes are not terrible, admitting mistakes and taking responsibility are all marks the beginning of a person's tendency towards true self-improvement.
This kind of culture is very clear in the first hexagram and the first line in the Book of Changes: "Don't use the hidden dragon." It is to prepare for "being at ease".
The core of "Don't Use the Hidden Dragon" is "learning and growing".
When a person "cares about himself", he will learn how to learn, and can study hard, so that he has the opportunity to achieve "seeing the dragon is there." ”
See" was pronounced "guan" before the Ming Dynasty, not the "see" we understand today.
The Qiangua is the embodiment of "being".
In the ideological connotation of the word, we leave only one today: "the state of presentation that objectively exists in concrete space." It completely weakens the true philosophical thought of the word "in" and the generalization of the laws of life.
Attached is an ancient text: If you don't receive the same blessing, how will you be. This sentence is from "Zuo Chuan: Summoning Gong".
The original text is like this: Zhaozi said: I will die. The banquet is not conceived, the favor is not declared, so that virtue does not know, and the blessing is not received, how will it be?This kind of sentence breaking is obviously the way people today break sentences in ancient texts. Break the sentence first!
Zhaozi said: The banquet will die, and the words are not;Huai, spoil the light is not;Xuan, so that Lourdes is not;Know, if you are not blessed with the same blessing, how can you be there.
This passage is about the marriage between Song and Lu, and about the blind date of the son of Song, which disappointed King Zhao. This passage describes that in addition to his good family background, the prince of Song Guo has no opinions on governing national policies, and he doesn't even understand the methods of managing his subordinates, how can I cultivate such a person?Trust him to entrust him?How can such a person marry his daughter to him?The prince of the Song State was actually the prince of the Song State at that time. The connection here with the phrase "why is there to be a general" means that such a person does not have the ability to bear heavy responsibilities at all.
In the original meaning of the article was: "The level of competence and competence required for the function." ”
Third, it is also very important to look at words.
Said the text" is also true.
The meaning of these three words is: to collect information and phenomena, and to find the original law from comparative analysis. The core of these three words is "truth".
Regarding this understanding, Zhu Xi has made a more thorough commentary - the viewer is admired by others.
The meaning of this sentence is: "Doing things and expressing opinions can always stand on the basis of facts, and see the essence through phenomena, and this way of life and work is worth learning from everyone." ”
The relationship between phenomenon and essence that I am talking about is the original intention of Zhu Xi's commentary. Zhu Xi's level is enough to be worthy of being the "first person" since the Han Dynasty. His final realm is very close to the level of Confucius, or has already entered.
It's just that he knows his "time and space destiny" very well, so he can only stay: "Now it's white and black, and he is dressed as a world of time." And after Confucius was fifty years old, he made the same emotion.
Zhu Xi is the only person since the Qin and Han dynasties who flexibly applies the "yin and yang dialectics", "reason-based, heart-oriented", this kind of dialectic is clever, in today's Eastern and Western worlds, it is enough to be the first to be crowned.
Of course, how can ordinary people understand such a high level of thinking?
So loneliness has always been the best companion for these people, so there is his: "I haven't found a cross-phoenix ** couple, and I am accompanied by a lonely cloud and a lonely crane." And "Therefore God knows me, and God knows me, and God knows as man." "Loneliness, arrogance and self-confidence in the middle of the waves.
Zhu Zi is still a happy person, much better than me.
The sky is not today, and I talk to the night. ”
From the perspective of classical exegetical works, the word "view" can be summed up in one sentence: "View, through the phenomenon to see the essence." ”
In fact, the real thinking guidance of Guanzi lies in:
Don't let habits become habits, especially brain thinking – this is the only code for humanity to move towards a higher civilization.
Viewers, positive listeners and hearrs, don't be yin and yang, distinguish between truth and falsehood, and know the good strategy of the end.
Fourth, in fact, we don't understand "it".
To decipher this word, let's first look at a poem.
This word is repeatedly used in this poem, and the word "their" is very important in the poem.
Original text: The peach is dying, scorching its flower, the son is home, and it is suitable for his room. The peach is dying, there is a 蕡 [fén] In fact, the son is home, and it is appropriate for his family. The peach is young, and its leaf is [zhēn] zhen, and the son is returning, and it is suitable for his family.
The word "their" here does not refer to a referential application.
This is also where the ancient word "its" is most misunderstood in our day. In the eyes of the ancients, the values of realizing their "talents" and "ambitions" are far more important than other interests.
Therefore, many accomplished ancients changed countries and leaders everywhere. In today's words, the lord is not interested in money, but the lord's own value.
Only by understanding such social values can we understand the true meaning of the word "the" here.
The word "it" represents the talent filled with the essence of life, and it is dazzling.
If it is interpreted according to the original text, it should be: show endless talents.
This first shows that "talent" is easy to find a display platform, and it shows that the talent channel is unimpeded, which is the intention of the word "its" in this poem.
The hieroglyph "it" is very interesting, and the cultural connotations contained in this character are extremely rich.
Let me start with the Shang Dynasty period: an open pressure cooker with a "five" character. This open pressure cooker is actually an evolution of the word "twenty" and "one".
There is also a form of "twenty" character, "one" character, and three "in" characters.
The philosophical idea of this way of word-making expresses that if human beings want to have a good life, they must repeatedly understand the laws until they fully grasp the laws.
The concept of "unity" is implied in this word. The ancient concept of "unity" was equivalent to what we mean today by "peace".
It is explained that the meaning expressed by this word-making principle of the word "it" is that the prosperity of society is based on the mature cognition of the law and the ability to master the application.
Let's look at another way of making words. A word that is already very wise, at the end of the Shang Dynasty, a horizontal line was placed below, and this expression became clearer, that is, the law cognition above the law.
During the Zhou Dynasty, the word "it" was a combination of yin and yang symbols, and a regular "open-lid pressure cooker" was placed on it.
This is a kind of progress in the idea of the word "its".
During the Zhou Dynasty, the word-making masters discovered a problem, that is, people's cognition of laws is always limited and limited, and we synthesize a word called "cognitive limitations".
Therefore, the "yin and yang" symbol was added below, and the "yin and yang" symbol was finally confused, so it was changed to a combination of "one" and "eight", the purpose of which is to tell the world that the discovery of laws requires constant thinking and discrimination.
The character "qi" evolved in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty until the Spring and Autumn Period into the character "丌" (jī).
The extended meaning of the word 丌 is "to rely on, to help", and the original meaning is the foundation.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, this character was actually a "small short article" composed of two words, or "eight" and "one". The original meaning of "eight" is to carry out reasonable separation and separation through observation, analysis, and inspection, with the meaning of clear discrimination. "One" represents the law, and the idea expressed in this short essay is that to gain the understanding of the law and grasp the law, it is necessary to separate the phenomenon from the essence.
Therefore, the word "its" in the Spring and Autumn Period after the Western Zhou Dynasty has a very clear "Fang **" system, that is to say, "the writing of this period is not only about reason, but also about methods." ”
Its literal reasoning:The attainment of any achievement, the acquisition of wisdom, must be based on a comprehensive and adequate understanding of the laws and phenomena of visible and invisible "existence". Only in this way can we correctly understand the essential laws of "existence" and obtain correct and effective "cognition".
Under such "cognition", we can make effective use of the laws of things, and only by effectively using the laws of things can we help human beings show their talents, abilities, and wisdom.
Fifth, determine the root of life - Zhi.
Explained in detail)The word of Chi:The end of every life's yearning and pursuit;The state in which the life result that each life desires the most, and the state that perfectly matches his life characteristics and self-ability, is called Zhi. Zhi, the complete presentation of the "time and space destiny" of self-life.
The fickle "ambition" is not an "ambition", but an ideal.
The ideals that primary school aspires to are not the same as those in junior high school.
The "stop" of the will tells us that everything must be "appropriate".
A person's life, like a super chameleon, will keep changing himself, but no matter how he changes, he must not forget who he is.
"Moderation" is the restraint of subjective desires and fantasies.
This is the essential difference between "will" and "desire".
It is "will", not "desire", that drives human progress.
Many Western scholars believe that "desire" drives human progress, which is a misunderstanding. "Ambition" is the driving force of human progress.
"Will" is a reasonable desire, a reasonable ideal, a reasonable assumption, and the loss of rationality is "wishful thinking under desire." ”
So "getting rid of human desires" means getting rid of thoughts and desires that shouldn't be there, which in Buddhism is called "greed." "Greed" is always wanting to take the "fantasy interests" that do not belong to oneself as oneself.
Sixth, the Father, watching his aspirations.
Translation:Society, parents, and cultivating talents must take the common long-term interests of mankind as the criterion for consideration, and take this as the fundamental basis for talent training. Under such rules, maximize the release of individual talents. Excellent education is the realization of fully mobilizing and giving full play to one's natural talents. This state of affairs is called "contemplation".
Requirements:Reverence, kindness;Justice, fairness.
The more intelligent the system is to protect individual talents, ideals and pursuits, the stronger the social originality and development drive.
Here I must emphasize the issue of parents.
In this chapter, Confucius does not emphasize the element of parenthood, and Confucius has an independent article on family education.
In this chapter, the Analects specifically points out the origin of life, where the true value of one's life lies—"zhi."
If an individual's "aspiration" is to be fully realized, it not only comes from individual efforts, but also needs the support of the social environment, the educational environment, and the collective.
And in this chapter, Confucius systematically classified and explained the education and cultivation of talents.
The three major elements that determine talent education are:
1. Collective belief and education system.
2. Family culture and environment.
3. Personal potential attribute bias (talent).
"Talent" and "potential" require a long period of trying, practicing, exploring, thinking, working hard, paying, overcoming, and finally being stimulated.
The essence of education is to stimulate children's unlimited potential, which is equivalent to the social collective cultivating the future for itself, so to ask other children to serve us, we must learn to educate children in an equal, service and respectful way.
The first condition for cultivating a child should be to affirm him, and not to draw conclusions based on short-term effects. We are not sure of the impact of a child's first mud experiment on his future.
Parents must go into the world of their child to understand, support and care for him. Instead of pointing fingers from your own point of view, such interference will only lead to stupid "meat mass copying".
As a parent, you also need to tell your children that "the so-called failure" does not prove anything. Life is a long process, as long as the self does not give up, it will always find the "self".
A person's interest in a thing or a law begins in childhood.
Including the yearning for love!
Father, I am watching his will;
Regarding the education system, departments and people, the key to cultivating talents lies in respecting the laws of talent development and building a fair, just, equal, free and open environment for talents. Such an environment is inseparable from all-round, non-blind spots, and nationwide supervision and restraint.
The core appeal of talents is the realization of personal ideals, pursuits and goals, so personal ideals and pursuits are the foundation of the realization of life values, and such personal ideals are reasonable, supported and recognized ideals as long as they do not violate the basic humanitarian norms under the collective convention.
Encouraging personal ideals and pursuits is the foundation for the prosperity of talents in a society, and talents are the only "driving force" for social development.
Society will also present a variety of inventions and innovations because of each person with different ideals, and this invention and innovation will ultimately benefit everyone.
To sum up these five words, it is: the first life code of life - to find everyone's "will".
Zhi: Precise, independent, individual, self-potential and talent.
If you find "her", you will find the destination of life.
Confucius stood at thirty, and what he established was "Zhi".
End of chapter. 