Cytokines regulate almost all growth and development processes in the plant life cycleHowever, the current research focuses on reproductive development, apical meristem development, root growth and development, vascular bundle differentiation, photomorphogenesis, and leaf senescence.
1. Cytokines regulate reproductive development and seed germination
Cytokine is essential during reproductive development.
During the development of floral meristems, increase the local concentration of cytokines or enhance the activity of cytokine signaling pathway, promote the differentiation of cells and cells of meristems of floral organs, and then increase the number of macrophores.
During seed development, the decrease in cytokine content and the weakening of the activity of cytokine signaling pathway both promote the enlargement of embryonic or cotyledon cells, resulting in the enlargement of seeds.
During seed maturation and germination, abscisic acid promotes seed maturation and dormancy and inhibits seed germinationCytokines antagonize the effect of abscisic acid and promote seed germination and postembryonic development.
2. Cytophin regulates the development of stem apical meristem
In the process of plant growth and development, apical dominance is an important biological phenomenon, which is mainly regulated by auxin and cytogenBoth promote or inhibit apical dominance by regulating the development of stem meristems.
3. Cytokines regulate root development
1. Cytokine has a significant inhibitory effect on root growth.
Cytokines regulate root growth and development mainly by regulating root apical meristems. Decreasing the content of endogenous cytophin or blocking its signal transduction pathway will lead to an increase in the root meristem region, and vice versa, a decrease in the root meristem.
In the root transition zone, cytokines promote cell differentiation and reduce the number of cells in the meristem, thereby negatively regulating the size of the root meristem.
2. The interaction between cytophin and auxin is of great significance in regulating root development.
Cytokines mainly regulate the development of lateral roots by inhibiting the initiation of lateral root primordium and inhibiting the growth surface of lateral roots.
Cytophrins inhibit adventitious root development mainly by inhibiting the initiation of adventitious root primordium.
auxin and cytokine antagonize each other and jointly regulate the growth and development of adventitious roots.
Fourth, cytokines regulate the development of vascular bundles
Cytokine is a key growth regulator that regulates the development of root and stem vascular bundles.
Cytokines regulate the development of root vascular bundles by specifically regulating the differentiation of protoxylem. During the development of the native xylem, the interaction between cytokine and auxin plays a key regulatory role.
Cytokines promote lateral localization of auxin transporters, thereby reducing the amount of auxin in procambium cells.
5. Cytokines regulate the morphogenesis of light
Cytokines have physiological effects on promoting photomorphogenesis in plants. Exogenous cytokine treatment resulted in a deyellowing phenotype, in which yellowing seedlings germinated and grew in the dark exhibited a phenotype similar to that grown under light, including hypocotyl shortening, cotyledon opening, and pronounced plastid development.
6. Cytokines regulate leaf senescence
Cytosin is a plant hormone that can delay leaf agingExogenous application of cytosin significantly delays darkness-induced senescence of flesh leaves.
One of the mechanisms by which cytokines delay leaf senescence is that cytokines negatively regulate the expression of chlorophyll-degrading enzyme-related genes, and at the same time induce the degradation of chlorophyll-degrading enzymes, resulting in an increase in chlorophyll content to maintain the normal photosynthetic capacity of leaves.
One of the main physiological functions of cytokines is to regulate the allocation of carbohydrate sources and nitrogen recycling during leaf senescence.
During the aging process of leaves and other organs, cytosin antagonizes each other with abscisic acid, ethylene, etc.
7. Cytokines regulate the metabolism of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients
During the growth and development of plants,Cytokine is one of the main factors that regulate the absorption, transport, assimilation and metabolism of nutrientsAmong them, the regulation of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism is particularly important.
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