Chapter 18: The Functions of Discussion and Speaking
(Commentary 18).
What is the Sutra?The remarks of the sages and sages revealing the truth of the existence of the "three talents" are called the "scriptures".
What is a theory?Words that explain the meaning of the "Sutra" and explain the origin of the "Sutra" are called "treatises".
The so-called "theory", in the sense of the word, is "lun", that is, order, order;That is, how to arrange and organize in the order of up and down, left and right, front and back, so that it can be organized and clear, and it can conform to the rules and regulations. Therefore, as long as there is no disorder and confusion in the world's morality and ethics, the classic judgments of the sages and sages will never become obsolete. Therefore, the ancient classics will not be a piece of waste paper, let alone a pile of bad books, but will always be reborn as always, not only shining, but also in the era of chaos and strife, will be able to guide the chaos to set things right, once the time is to be rebuilt, it will lead to the light. If this is not the case, how can we talk about the value of cultural existence?If not, what is the point of civilizational progress?If not, where is the call of the Renaissance?
Recalling the past, when Confucius was sorting out the classics, the voice of daily commentary, even if it was just a few words, was recorded by his protégé. According to the theory of heaven and earth and the theory of human beings, Confucius ** ruled that the simplification was short and long, and collected Confucius's former remarks into a book, and named it "The Analects". This was the beginning of the inclusion of the word "Analect" in the catalogue of the Anthology of Discourses, and no one had used "Analect" as the title of the article before that. As for the first article of "Taigong Liutao", "The Treatise on the Classics" and its second "Treatise on the Martial Arts of the Scholars", it should be the title added by later generations. If we examine the stylistic format and content of the title "Treatise", in fact, it is colorful and not completely unified, but there are many ambiguities. Among them, some of them evaluate politics in the same style as those of discussion and peace;Some interpret the scriptures, similar to the style of biography and commentary;Some discern the gains and losses of the historical context, and go hand in hand with praise and evaluation;Some explain the causes of the article, and the preface and introduction complement each other. In short, "discussion" should be appropriate and appropriate, and "speaking" should move people's hearts"Biography" is to convey the teacher's words, and "Note" is to proofread and explain;"Like" means enthusiastic support, and "comment" is persistent and reasonable;"Preface" is for clear thinking, and "Introduction" is for completeness. If all these eight aspects can be covered, then the exposition of a certain aspect of the truth can be fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of "theory" is "".Milun group speaks and studies a reason(Argument for a certain aspect of moral truth through extensive citation and evaluation).
Throughout the previous treatises, following the Analects, Zhuang Zhou's "Theory of Things" is also titled "Treatise", which opens with a clear meaning;The six treatises of "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", namely "The Theory of Spring", "The Theory of Prudence", "The Theory of Guizhi", "The Theory of Unrelenting", "The Theory of Quasi-Shun" and "The Theory of Shirong", are also impressive. After entering the Han Dynasty, Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty was in Shiqu Pavilion, and Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty was in Baihuguan, all of whom had gathered the doctors and masters of the time to jointly study the sage's remarks and the scriptures of the six arts. Therefore, the "Shiqu Pavilion Treatise" (most of which is lost) and the "White Tiger Tongde Treatise", which recorded their remarks at the rally at that time, are both "serious" models in the "Treatise" genre. As for Ban Biao's "Treatise on the Destiny of the King" and Yan You (the character Boshi and Wang Mang read together in Chang'an Dun School), they narrate the stories of the characters concisely, their remarks are high-profile and open-minded, and they should belong to the ** style that focuses on "historical biography".
Cao Wei Huang Chu (220 A.D. October - 226 A.D. Cao Wei regime first year name), the society admired famous and legalists, keen to be responsible for the name, and then believed in reward and punishment (that is, the reward and punishment system is strict and fair), so Fu Yi (A.D. 209-255 word Lanshi or Zhaoxian Beidi Niyang people) and Wang Cang's **, in the distinction between the name and the truth, is particularly rigorous and meticulous. In the early years of Cao Wei Zhengshi (240-249 April Cao Wei Cao Fang's year name totaled 10 years), the social atmosphere encouraged retro culture, and the surface implemented the serious name, but in fact it was just a textbook, and the essence was already hypocritical, so He Yan and others focused on talking about metaphysics, and the metaphysical atmosphere gradually became hot. The ensuing doctrine of freedom and hypocrisy like Lao Dan and Zhuang Zhou was in the dust, and it was difficult to distinguish with the way of Confucius and Mencius. Comparative analysis of the best works of this period, such as Fu Yan's "Theory of Talent", Wang Cang's "Theory of Going to Cutting", Ji Kang's "Theory of Music without Sorrow", Xiahou Xuan's "No Matter of the Original", Wang Bi's "Yi Liu", He Yan's "Theory of Morality", etc., they not only inherited the classics, but also memorized unique insights;Not only does it stand out, but it also has an extremely refined style, so it can be called the elite and wonderful in the first work. In addition, there is also Li Kang's "Theory of Fortune" (the word Xiao Yuan, the Three Kingdoms of Wei Zhongshan, the human nature Geng Jie does not conform to the customs), although it is similar to Wang Chong's "On Balance", "Encounter", "Tired", "Destiny" and other content, but the literary style surpasses "On Balance";Then there is Lu Ji's "Theory of Discernment of the Dead", which imitates Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin", although it has not been surpassed, it is still an excellent work. As for the ** of Song Dai, Guo Xiang and others, their minds are sharp and almost magical, and the works of Wang Yan, Pei Wei and others are not only famous for a while in terms of philosophical speculation of "being" and "nothing", but also famous for later generations. However, those who insist on "being" and "being" are limited to the gains and losses of external forms of functionThose who stick to "nothing" are obsessed with the freedom of loneliness and chat. They are pinpoint-to-needle, paranoid and arguing, Mo is finally, in fact, does not belong to the bright road of the scriptures. Is it true that they have been meditating and studying all their lives to take refuge in the ultimate state of Buddhist wisdom?Entering the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the monarchs and ministers favored the left side of the river, the court up and down, and the speech was within reach, but the old Zhuang metaphysics was the only one. Among them, even if there is a little bit of novelty, it is just a rehash of the same old tune.
In addition to the content and style of the above-mentioned **, there is Zhang Heng's "Theory of Ridicule", the tone of the speech is like playfulness and funny, Kong Rong's "Theory of Filial Piety" is also a joke and mockery, and Cao Zhi's "Theory of Dialectic" is actually a copy of the book. Some of these attitudes are not correct at all, and they are completely inappropriate remarks, which are just superficial.
After listing and browsing the above-mentioned examples, the so-called Zhongzheng is the holy words of the scriptures for a certain aspect of the truth, which must give a very clear evaluation of attitudes and words in terms of right and wrong, right and wrong, right and wrong, good and evil, gain and loss, and advantages and disadvantages. How to do this?First of all, in view of the rules of knowledge and morality, we must have exhausted thoughts, explore the subtleties, and study diligently from the shallow to the deep, that is, we must know in our heartsSecond, for abstract and empty, obscure, and incomprehensible remarks and rhetoric, it is necessary to corroborate each other, touch on the analogy, and explain in simple terms. Based on these two aspects of creation, it is also like a fishing net that captures the essence of thought, and it is like a weighing stone that balances all things in the world. Therefore, the essence of ** is to be round, accessible and clean, and avoid fragmentation and branchesIt is important to be tightly knit and not leaky, and taboo stubbornness and partiality and hang a leak;You are planning and taking precautions, and it is forbidden to be negligent and give authority.
Figuratively speaking, writing ** is like chopping wood, not only to clarify the texture and character of the tree, but also to do what you can. When chopping wood, those who are sharp and strong can cut them off at the waist, regardless of the wooden texture. It's like some eloquent sophistries who, in spite of their deviance, are just as good as they are in their tongues, their words and their heads. For such a type of **, even if they are meticulous and well-behaved, once they check their consistent trajectory, it is not difficult to find that there is falsehood and infinite harm. Therefore, those who can be called "benevolent and righteous gentlemen" must be able to reach the common aspirations and aspirations of all people in the world, how can they distort the facts and fabricate ** that violates ethics and morality?As for the ** that focuses on interpreting the classic words, it seems to be fragmented, but in fact, they are aggregated, and as long as they are inseparable from the purpose of the original text, they can still be classified as ** style. For example, Qin Yanjun (a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty) used more than 100,000 words just to annotate the word "Yaodian" in the "Shangshu Yaodian";Zhu Pu (a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty) explains the Book of Shang, with more than 300,000 words. Such cumbersome annotations are not only annoying to scholars, but also discouraged by all readers. For example, Mao Heng's "The Biography of Mao's Poems", Kong Anguo's "The Biography of Shangshu", Zheng Xuan's "Notes on the Three Rites", Wang Bi's "Notes on Zhou Yi", etc., the annotations are not only concise and concise, but also the righteousness and reasoning are exquisite, and they should be masterpieces and examples of this kind of literary style.
What does it mean?Speaker, Yue also. In "Yi Shuo Hexagram", it is exchanged for witches and tongues. From this, it is deduced that the original meaning of "speaking" is to impress others with words, or to please others with words, and then excessively please others, which must be transformed into hypocrisy.
Shangshu Shundian records that Emperor Shun was very disgusted with sycophancy, and was not only particularly vigilant, but also extra vigilant. As for the allusions in this aspect, one is that Yi Yin cooked and seasoned through speeches, so that he became famous and famous;The second is that at the beginning of the week, Jiang Ziya skillfully said fishing, and he was famous all over the world;The third is that Candle Zhiwu persuaded Qin Mugong to finally save Zheng Guo;Fourth, Duanmu Ci instigated Qi to attack Wu and let Lu avoid disaster.
In the Warring States Period, the nations were competing for power, and there were endless eloquents. The whole country, the intrigue is used to the extreme, and the intrigue is afraid of being caught off guard. Guiguzi's "Zhuan Pill", which came into being, specializes in teaching the well-behaved technique of rhetoric, and his "Flying Tongs" brings the conspiracy and intrigue into play to the subtlety. As a result, a person's rhetoric won the Ding Gui Treasure, and his three-inch incorruptible tongue won the armor male master. Therefore, Su Qin's waist was wrapped around the six countries, just because of the strategy of conniving against Qin;Zhang Yi obtained the fief of King Wuyi of Qin, only to lobby for distant and close attacks.
After the Han Dynasty was stabilized, the polemicist lobbyist lost its usefulness. In the past, there was Li Shiqi who was cooked and killed by Qi Wang Tianguang, and then there was Kuaitong who almost threw it into Liu Bang's soup pot. Above the court, although there is still Lu Jia arguing that his prestige is far and wide, Zhang Shi is good at catering to others, Du Qin is skillful at observing words and feelings, and Lou Hu is happy to agitate his lips and tongue. However, they bent and stretched out in front of the emperor's jade steps, walking between the seats of the ministers, but they only perfunctory and echoed the trend, and no one dared to go straight against the current, let alone turn the tide. According to this, it can be seen that "speaking" is important in changing with the situation, while observing words and colors, while improvising, and more relaxed. Therefore, "speaking" not only refers to agitating the mouthpiece, but also includes writing. For example, Fan Sui's "Dedication to King Zhao" and Li Si's "Book of Exhortations to Guests" are both impassioned and straightforward talks, although they go against the emperor's wishes, they have achieved fame. This should be the best example of "speaking" in the previous book. As for others, there are also the persuasions of Zou Yang of the Western Han Dynasty to King Wu and Shangshu King Liang, because of their euphemistic words and sincerity, although they are in adversity, they are not in danger. Another example is Feng Yan's advice in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Bao Yong, and Deng Yu's correspondence, not only the facts are not clear, but also do not distinguish between priorities, although they have good intentions, they are neglected. On the whole, whether it is rhetoric or writing, the key to "speaking" lies in emergency pragmatism and reasonableness. Only by grasping these two points can we advance and retreat freely, advance to achieve fame, and retreat to be calm. Except for the purpose of deception and confusion, all "speaking" must abide by the virtues of "loyalty" and "faith", and only courageous words and shrew words are the foundation of this kind of literary example. Regarding the style of "speaking", Lu Ji pointed out in his "Wenfu": ".saidWei Ye was scolded. This kind of preaching is a fallacy, and it will surely mislead people's children.
In short, the words should be reasoned and evidenced, and the reason for telling the truth is based on the argument. There is no limit to talking, and there are intervals between the size and the distance;Yin and yang are unpredictable, and there is no hidden ghost. If you ask what to use, it is like a pair of tongs locking the throat and pharynx.
Notes] 1. Part of Bangu's "White Tiger Tongde Treatise Volume 1 Jue": The Son of Heaven is also titled. Why is he called the Son of Heaven?The king's father, heaven and mother, is also the son of heaven. Therefore, the "Deed of Aiding God" says: The Son of Heaven is said to be the Son of Heaven who covers the earth, and he fights the pole of the law. "Hook Destiny" said: "The Son of Heaven, the title is also." "The virtue of the emperor has advantages and disadvantages, so he is called the Son of HeavenWith its life in the sky, and the king rules within 5,000 miles. "Shangshu" said: The Son of Heaven is the parent of the people and thinks that he is the king of the world. "Why is the Emperor known as the Son of Heaven and the law of the world?"Zhonghou" said: "The Son of Heaven is released." "Shuyi Chapter" said: "Viscount Zhaotian." Why is "Emperor Yan" also known as the Son of Heaven?With his words, the world is covered with kings and the world. Therefore, "Yi" said: "The king of the Fuxi clan is also in the world." ”
2. (Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties) The end of Li Kang's "Theory of Fortune": "The great virtue of heaven and earth is born, and the great treasure of the saint is said." How to keep the position and say benevolence, how to be righteous and righteous. Therefore, the king of the ancients ruled the world with one person, and did not serve one person with the world. Those who are ancient are covered with officials to do their righteousness, and do not risk their officials with profits. The gentleman of the ancients, he can be cured by being ashamed, and he can be cured without shame. It is the nature of heaven and man, the core is the distinction between evil and good, the power is the door of good and evil, and the final calculation of honor and disgrace is obvious. Therefore, the gentleman sacrifices the other to take this. If the husband's provenance does not violate the time, the silent language does not lose its person, the sky moves the stars back and the Chenji still lives in its place, the wheel rotates, and the balance axis is still clinging to it, both clear and philosophical, in order to protect his body, Yi Ji Sun Mou, with the swallow wings, the former friends, try to engage in Si Zhen.
3. The beginning of Fan Ju's "Book of Dedication to King Qin Zhao": "The ministers heard that the lord was in power, the meritorious had to be rewarded, the capable had to be officials, the laborers were generous, the meritorious ones were honored, and the officials who could govern the people were great." Therefore, those who cannot dare to do their duties, and those who can cannot hide themselves. If the words of the minister are possible, then it will be done, and it will benefit the way;If it will be carried out, it will be useless to stay for a long time. The saying goes: 'The lord of mediocrity rewards what he loves and punishes what he does evil.'The Lord of the Enlightenment is not the same, the reward will be added to the merit, and the punishment will be judged by the guilty. 'The chest of this minister is not enough to be a pledge, if it is not enough to wait for the axe, how dare he try to try the king with doubts?'Although the ministers are lowly and humiliate the ministers, the only one who does not re-serve as a minister does not repeat the former to ......the king”
4, the beginning of "Guiguzi Zhuan Pill Thirteenth": "The one who says it, say it;Whoever says it, he has it. The one who decorates the words is also fake;Those who are false gain and loss. Coping with it, good words;Those who are good at talking, and the wheel is also discussed. Those who become righteous are also clear;Those who are clear are also verified. The unspeakable, but the argument;But the commentator, catch a few fish. Those who speak are loyal to themThe speaker is knowledgeable and wise;Those who speak plainly are determined to be brave;Those who speak are the right to speak;Those who speak quietly will win instead. Those who first intend to accept their desires, they also admit it;Traditionally known as the rhetoric, Bo also;The one who chooses the plotter is also the right. Those who do not doubt it will never be;Those who are not enough to suffocate in the first place will also ......”
5, the end of Guiguzi's "Flying Tongs": "...For people, it is empty and real, embellished without losing, in order to investigate the words. It can be clamped and longitudinal, and it can be clamped and horizontal;It can lead to the east, it can lead to the west;It can lead to the south, it can lead to the north;It can be reversed, and it can be reversed. Although it can be restored, it does not lose its degree. ”