Heat is the representation of the motion of molecules, atoms and particles, and it is also a collection of molecular or particle kinetic energy, heat is a phenomenon of the perfect combination of cosmic energy field and microscopic mass, it is the motion phenomenon produced by the evolution of molecular kinetic energy or particle kinetic energy from the four basic forces of the universe, and it is also the final unification of the four fundamental forces of the universe in the form of thermal energy, and the magnitude of molecular kinetic energy or particle kinetic energy is the average value of its corresponding mass multiplied by the square of its own motion speed in a certain period of time. The average kinetic energy of each molecule or particle in a set at the same time is the heat energy in that set. However, the magnitude of the kinetic energy of each molecule or particle is different at different times. They are like spheres of different masses colliding with each other, and the large kinetic energy will definitely transfer part of the kinetic energy to the sphere with relatively small kinetic energy, and the magnitude of the kinetic energy cannot only look at its velocity, nor can it only look at its mass. On the macro level, the spheres will collide with each other, and the spheres will be damaged or rupture due to violent collisions, and the violent collision of particles will lead to the fission or fusion of atoms.
In fact, the entire universe is in an energy field, and all matter in the universe carries a certain amount of energy to a greater or lesser extent, and the ultimate destination of energy is heat energy. Human beings have been studying thermodynamics for hundreds of years, and European scientists have proposed the first law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, the third law of thermodynamics, and the zero law of thermodynamics. But thermodynamics is not just about these four laws;Now, as a Chinese, the author proposes the fourth law of thermodynamics, the fifth law of thermodynamics, the sixth law of thermodynamics, and the seventh law of thermodynamics.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics was inaugurated in 1930 by Fowler (R. Fowler).h.Fowler) was formally proposed, more than 80 years later than the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if each of the two thermodynamic systems is in thermal equilibrium with the third thermodynamic system, then they must also be in thermal equilibrium.
There were three discoverers of the first law of thermodynamics: Meyer, Joule, and Helmholtz. The first law of thermodynamics reflects the relationship between the conservation and conversion of energy, energy in nature can only be converted from one form of energy to another, and its total energy must be conserved, and energy cannot be created out of nothing. It introduces the state function of the system, the internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics can be inferred that the first type of perpetual motion machine is impossible to cause.
There were two discoverers of the second law of thermodynamics: Canot of France and Clausius of Germany. The K-wire formulation of the second law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cold object to a high temperature object without causing other changes. Almost simultaneously, Kelvin formulated the content of the second law of thermodynamics in a different way. Keelnard describes the second law of thermodynamics in terms of the direction of heat transfer: the mechanical energy of the regular motion of the molecule can be completely converted into the heat energy of the irregular motion of the molecule, but the heat energy cannot be completely converted into the mechanical energy, indicating the existence of irreversible phenomena.
The first law of thermodynamics establishes the existence of "energy", and the second law of thermodynamics establishes the existence of "entropy". Entropy is a relatively difficult thing to understand, and the second law of thermodynamics is described by the concept of entropy as follows: in a closed system, the macroscopic process of thermal phenomena always proceeds in the direction of entropy increase, and when the entropy reaches the maximum, the system reaches an equilibrium state, and it is obvious that the universe will always be in the process of entropy increase, but there will be no terrible heat death, because the entropy increase process will have heat energy continuously converted into cosmic energy- field, and the energy field will continue to evolve into the mass of elementary particles, and the heat death theory also violates the theory of non-conservation of universal symmetry, so the heat death theory is wrong.
In statistical physics, entropy is defined as the degree of chaos. We emphasize that entropy and energy are different concepts, and that the actual processes in nature have directional characteristics, and objective facts show that the universe is not conserved, and only the process of increasing entropy can arise spontaneously. The entropy of the system increases when heat flows from a hot object to a cold object, and it can only be spontaneously generated with such a process. Clausius stated that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cold object to a high temperature object without causing other changes. If the entropy of the system decreases when heat is transferred from a cold object to a hot object, such a process cannot be spontaneously generated. The so-called spontaneous process refers to the process that occurs without external influence or control. Heat pumps, on the other hand, are able to drive heat from low to high temperatures through external electrical energy.
When a system does not interact with the outside world, it is called an "isolated system", so the above conclusion can also be simply expressed as a process that occurs when the entropy of an isolated system increases. People can judge whether a certain process is produced by entropy change, and these processes can also include physical processes, chemical processes, life processes, cosmic evolution processes, etc., to judge whether they have occurred, which is a very meaningful means of verifying physical changes.
The above theory shows that there is no new entropy in the reversible process, which is a special case of "conservation of entropy" and an ideal state process. When the high and low heat source temperatures are concentrated, their entropy will be very low;When the temperature spreads uniformly, its entropy increases. When the object tends to be orderly, the entropy value will become low, for example, liquid water absorbs sensible kinetic energy and converts into gaseous water molecular potential energyWhen objects tend to be disordered, the entropy value will increase, such as coal, gas, gas and fossil energy combustion. Now the whole universe is tending from order to disorder, from regular to irregular, in the limited cognitive category, we can see that the total amount of entropy in the universe is increasing, because the irreversible process will only produce new entropy, because the entropy is not conserved, it will lead to the end of the universe, if you stand on a philosophical perspective, this is not valid, because everything in the universe is always constantly breaking the old equilibrium system, there will be a new equilibrium system, it is meaningless to discuss the origin and end of the universe, this is not in line with the philosophical logical thought, the universe only exists in the old form of the end, the new form begins。
Obviously, a non-isolated system of perpetual motion machine can exist, as long as there is a steady stream of energy into the system can be realized, even if a single heat source to take heat, as long as there is heat consumption, and the system continues to discharge cold to the environment, then to the ambient temperature to take heat and discharge cold at the same time, this represents the high temperature heat source and low temperature heat source into one, although the heat into the system can not be all converted into mechanical energy, but the energy conversion process still needs a high temperature heat source and a low temperature heat source lower than the ambient temperature, so that the system is discharged is the cold energy。 Obviously, it is impossible for Kelvin to absorb heat from a single heat source and make it completely useful without other effects, and the theory needs to be further deepened and made to make an appropriate improvement to cater to the progress and development of contemporary energy lever technology. Because now the heat pump technology can realize the heat from the ambient temperature, and transfer the low temperature heat source to 150 high temperature, and 150 high temperature heat can be used to do work and achieve the purpose of power generation, but the current heat pump technology to achieve the purpose of the temporary in the current situation of more than worth the loss, improve the energy lever technology to achieve air power generation, and realize the net output of electric energy, which is not equal to the Kelvin said "the second type of perpetual motion machine can not be caused".
The third law of thermodynamics was discovered relatively late, in 1912 by a German chemist Nernst, which pointed out that the temperature of any object cannot be reduced to absolute zero by a finite number of operations. In fact, it means that "absolute zero is unattainable", which is also in line with the law of non-conservation of cosmic symmetry. If absolute zero can be reached, then we can build a heat engine between a high-temperature heat source with a temperature tg and a low-temperature heat source with a temperature td=0, according to Carnot's formula, the reversible heat engine efficiency =1-td tg=1. This shows that the heat engine is transformed from heat absorption from a high-temperature heat source to external work without any external impact. So we come up with an example that violates the second law of thermodynamics. We can think about it if the second law of thermodynamics is true, then the above counterexample is not true, that is, absolute zero is impossible to achieve. Thus we seem to derive the third law of thermodynamics from the second law of thermodynamics, and it seems that the third law is not an independent law, but a corollary of the second law.
Then Kelvin also contributed to the third law of thermodynamics. When he proposed the absolute temperature scale at the age of 24, he could already foresee the existence of the third law of thermodynamics, and likewise foresaw that absolute zero was impossible to achieve, which was more than sixty years before Nernst formally proposed the third law of thermodynamics. The Nernst equation, Nernst's thermal theorem, the third law of thermodynamics, and the determination of the specific heat of solids at low temperatures, etc., won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1920. However, Kelvin missed the Nobel Prize because he proposed the second law of thermodynamics before the Nobel Prize.
Can the third law of thermodynamics also deduce the fourth law of thermodynamics?The answer here can be made in the affirmative, the third law of thermodynamics cannot achieve absolute zero, and it can also be deduced: the universe is full of energy fields, there is no absolute vacuum without energy fields in the universe, the combination of material mass and energy constitutes a variety of substances, energy can exist in the form of pure energy, and it cannot shield the existence of any material kinetic energy given by the fluctuations of the energy field, and the mass of matter cannot exist independently in a pure mass way.
Because the heat pump can use a small amount of energy to drive more heat to high temperature, to achieve the purpose of transferring low temperature heat to high temperature, the current refrigerator and heat pump machine is actually an energy lever device, energy lever and mechanical lever have the same effect in the underlying principle, can achieve the purpose of small broad. For example, the force of the mechanical bar multiplied by the force arm is equal to the moment, and the moment is a collection of stresses, because the force will produce pressure stress on the arm. The energy lever drives the thermal energy to produce the pressure stress and thermal stress of the volume wall on the evaporator and condenser, which is also a collection of stresses, as long as we can design a more efficient energy arm, then we can obtain a larger energy moment, and we can pry more heat to a higher temperature. According to the inverse Carnot cycle theory, we know that the efficiency of the inverse Carnot cycle is determined by the temperature difference between the high-temperature heat source and the low-temperature heat source, we can superimpose a number of inverse Carnot cycles with a small temperature difference between the two heat sources to form a multi-cascade heat pump to realize the extension of the energy arm of the energy lever, then how many small temperature differences The superposition of the reverse Carnot cycle will have how long the energy arm will be, and how long the energy arm will be how high the temperature height of heat transfer;Moreover, the total energy efficiency ratio of multicascade heat pumps will be roughly equal to the efficiency of a single inverse Carnot cycle, which can be regarded as the fourth law of thermodynamics.
From the point of view that the essence of thermal energy is the average value of molecular kinetic energy or particle kinetic energy, we can find that the smaller the mass of any substance, the greater the heat capacity value, that is, the smaller the mass of the molecule or atom, the easier it is to obtain the kinetic energy given by other molecules. In addition, the heat capacity value of the substance is also related to the degree of freedom of the molecule, the larger the degree of freedom, the easier it is to obtain the molecular kinetic energy, because the direction of the kinetic energy of the high-temperature substance applied to the kinetic energy is disordered, only the molecule with more degrees of freedom has a greater probability of obtaining the kinetic energy of other molecules, and the more heat energy it contains, the greater the heat capacity value. It can also be said that objects with a large number of moles per unit volume and objects with many degrees of freedom have a large heat capacity value, which can be proposed as the fifth law of thermodynamics.
If the heat engine is composed of a plurality of inverse Carnot cycles, and a multi-stacked heat pump is used to transfer and push up the temperature from the ambient heat, and the heat after pushing up is converted into the latent heat of exhaust steam that cannot be exhausted by mechanical energy, and the negative temperature formed by the heat chain feedback mode is used to absorb the unused waste heat of exhaust steam and is used as the bottom circulation heat, then the heat engine composed of multiple inverse Carnot cycles discharges cold energy to the outside instead of the latent heat of exhaust steam higher than the ambient temperature, and this heat engine can seem to take heat from a single ambient temperature heat source, but the low temperature heat source is lower than the ambient temperature, and it seems that there is only one heat source, but in fact, it is still two heat sourcesThe high temperature heat source is the ambient temperature, and the low temperature heat source is more than ten degrees lower than the ambient temperature, so the two heat source devices are combined into a heat absorption device. This can be regarded as the sixth law of thermodynamics.
The seventh law of thermodynamics has been recognized by the academic community as full of energy fields, but no one has taken this cognition as a law of thermodynamics.