The War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the War of Liberation, the Korean War, and the Sino-Indian War that broke out in 1962 were also quite difficult!Although the Sino-Indian War is not as influential as the former, it is definitely no less difficult than any war that China has experienced.
In 1962, he was the commander of the ** Military RegionZhang GuohuaFounding Lieutenant GeneralBefore the self-defense counterattack on the Sino-Indian border, go to Beijing to meet in person, this battle made *** worried.
FigLook at the map of ***
Can we win this war?**Ask Zhang Guohua.
Zhang Guohua had long expected that the chairman would say this, and replied confidently:
"Although the enemy is the Indian ace army, it is not comparable to the main force of Chiang Kai-shek, they have not fought for a long time, but we have just put down the rebellion (** They have not been to the high mountains, but we have been stationed in the high mountains for many years......The Indian military has always overestimated its combat effectiveness. In the early years, it was claimed that the Indian army and the squadron could fight with one as ten. During the Korean War, Indian officers visited the front line and their views changed somewhat, but they still said that one could be used as six. ”After listening to Zhang Guohua's answer, he nodded affirmatively and asked again: ".What if I lose?Hearing the chairman's words, Zhang Guohua couldn't answer for a while, Zhang Guohua knew that if he lost this battle, he would become a famous national sinner in history, Zhang Guohua didn't want to think about it, let alone affect morale because of this.
FigZhang Guohua commanded at the front.
** sighed, patted Zhang Guohua's shoulder, and comforted him earnestly:
"If we don't win, we can't do anything, we can't blame others, we only blame ourselves for not being capable. The worst outcome of this war is that it will be completely occupied by the enemy. But one day we will take it back!”A lot of people are forSino-Indian self-defense counterattackNone of them were particularly impressive, but this war was a very important war for China and India. This battle not only made India hold a grudge for half a century, but it was also a fairly successful Jedi counterattack by China under the weight of being embattled.
What happened in China in 1962 made this war of self-defense and counterattack so difficult, and even *** generated so many worries ......
Fig**We need to analyze what kind of embarrassing situation China was in in 1962 in combination with the world background at that time.
Since the beginning of the isolation of the country, China, which has always been ahead of the world, has gradually fallen behind the Western powers. The proud and complacent Manchu court looked at the development of the world with a mouse's eyes, and counted its own merits on the merits of their ancestors.
The outbreak of the First Opium War in 1840 plunged China into darkness for nearly a hundred years, with the Western powers pecking at China decayed by the feudal system like hungry vultures, and the weakness of the Qing court allowed large swathes of China's territory to fall into the hands of others.
FigFirst Opium War.
Until the flame of revolution burned all over the land of China, the numb people gradually recovered under the passion of the revolutionaries, and the Communist Party of China with the core pulled China back from the abyss. After more than 20 years of trampling and devastation, New China has risen from the flesh and blood of countless martyrs and ancestors, and stands in the east of the world with a new and powerful attitude.
In 1962, when it was fighting a self-defense counterattack against India, how difficult was it for China?
In the early 60s of the 20th century, India's domestic development tended to be stable, and the overall development was a steady upward trend. At that time, China had just passed three difficult years, and the drought caused the people to lose the food they needed for survival**, and the famine swept the Central Plains.
In order to provide relief to the victims, the country's grain stocks have shrunk sharply, and even so, many ordinary people are still struggling with life and death. Even the most basic problems of survival are worrying, how can the Chinese talk about life?
With the best efforts of the people, the Chinese people finally struggled from the line of life and death. At this time, China's first priority is to expand production, quickly restore people's livelihood, and improve people's living standards.
FigVictims of three years of hardship.
It was at this time that the Soviet side began to fall into the ground.
What is certain is that in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union gave China very considerable aid, not only greatly aided China financially, but also sent many professionals to help revitalize China's industry, including nuclear **, the Soviet Union can be called the enlightened teacher of China's modern chemical industry and military.
However, since the beginning of the 60s, Sino-Soviet relations began to deteriorate gradually, and the Soviet Union began to pursue hegemonism, trying to compete with the United States for hegemony, and also to pull China into the game, and there were often small-scale armed conflicts on the Sino-Soviet border.
In 1960, the Soviet Union abruptly withdrew all its experts from China, tore up 243 contracts, and abolished 257 scientific and technological cooperation projects, causing huge losses to China's economy. The Soviet Union began to exert economic pressure, and it always urged our country to repay its debts.
The leaders of the country, including ***, are worried, and ** have always advocated for life".Frugal and austereAt this juncture, even the state banquet advocates frugality.
Fig**Propose that state dinners should be frugal.
This wave of Soviet manipulation had a series of follow-up reactions in China, and in 1962 China's GDP fell by 125 compared to 19600.7 billion US dollars, per capita GDP is only 78% of India's, China's economy has been in serious decline in those years. Not only that, but since 1960, the Soviet side has been provoking conflicts on the border of Xinjiang, and Sino-Soviet relations have deteriorated day by day.
In the south of our country, the Vietnam War is in full swing, and the United States is attacking Vietnam more and more fiercely.
The economy was sluggish, industrial development was sluggish, and the life of the people in the country became very difficult, and the Kuomintang entrenched in Taiwan noticed the difficult situation in the interior at this time. “Take advantage of your illness to kill youLao Jiang knows better than anyone else.
The Taiwan authorities massed military forces on a large scale, and Chiang Kai-shek vainly wanted to seize this opportunity to succeed."Go ashoreThe forces of the navy, land, and air force have been deployed in advance, and actual combat drills are being carried out in full swing. The spies planted in the interior also began to gradually recover, doing their best to create chaos while spying on intelligence, and preparing for the Kuomintang **.
* The Central Military Commission received Chiang Kai-shek's restless news early on and quickly deployed more than 400,000 troops and more than 300 warplanes along the southeast coast of Fujian. Repeated warnings and deterrence made Lao Jiang see clearly the gap between his strength and the Communist Party, and finally chose to give up.
According to the ** government bodyguard Hu Xin (xīnRecall: In the spring of 1962, Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang held a meeting, and the ** date had been finalized, and the ** was chosen to be launched on June 29.
FigChiang Kai-shek took a group photo with the US ** official.
At that time, China had the Soviet Union in the north, Taiwan in the east taking the opportunity to make trouble, the south was the spread of war in the United States, and the first in the west was internal and external troubles, not only India's wolf ambitions and vain desire to occupy China's territory. ** In the interior, there are many remnants of diehards stirring up trouble, and the situation in Tibetan areas is turbulent.
Embattled is the best way to describe China in 1962.
FigSoviet specialists.
The Sino-Indian War that broke out in 1962 was called "by the Chinese side".Self-defense counterattack on the Sino-Indian border", the Indian side called it".Battle of Tile Lane”。In the mouth of the Indian side, this war of self-defense and counterattack has become a so-called war of aggression, and what it has done is essentially no different from the Japanese side's vain attempt to erase the history of aggression.
In 1959, the Chinese People's Liberation Army won the first victory in counterinsurgency. It was at this time that India** openly demanded occupation from China."McMahon Line"The eastern section is 90,000 square kilometers and the western section is 320,000 square kilometers of China's territory, this unreasonable demand for China is naturally refused.
India has taken the initiative".Forward Policy", continue to encroach on Chinese territory. From September to October, India stationed in our country on several occasionsMcMahon Line"The border guards to the north launched ** and took the initiative to provoke the clashes, killing and wounding a total of 47 soldiers of our army.
FigIndian soldiers.
In the face of India's aggressiveness, ** and other leaders of other countries hoped for a peaceful solution to the border issue, and repeatedly sued for peaceNehrumistaken for China".Cowardice can be bullied”。Since 1961, India has established 43 military posts in the Western Sector.
At that time, India declared:China has been driven back two miles in the eastern sector, and the western sector has been pushed forward in its entirety. This so-called".Good newsIndian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who mistakenly thought that he was on the cusp of history, got carried away and repeatedly rejected China's request for peace talks, and was determined to use force."Conquest"China.
Since June 1962, India has repeatedly massed heavy troops on the border between the two countries, launched small-scale attacks on China's border, and invaded China's border territory. **Military Commissar Order:To immediately make preparations for a self-defense counterattack, it is imperative to make meticulous plans and careful organization, and we can only fight well and not break them.
The border guards of Xinjiang quickly responded to the instructions and formed a "".** Military District Front CommandZhang Guohua served as the commander of the ** Military Region,Deng ShaodongServed as deputy commander.
FigFounding Lieutenant General Zhang Guohua.
In response to India's repeated unwitting and overconfident provocations, China is ready to contribute to the defense of China's territory.
But in fact, this battle *** andI don't want to really fight. At that time, under the influence of the Soviet Union and the United States, China not only experienced an economic downturn, but also slowed down its industrial development, and many military projects were also forced to stop, and the country was struggling.
The Sino-Indian border is located at the southern foot of the Himalayas, both of which are high-altitude areas, and the issue of material transportation after the war has become the primary problem for our side to consider.
FigQinghai-Tibet Highway.
The materials of Xinjiang and ** are simply not enough to support the war, and they must be transported thousands of miles from the interior. At that time, there were only two ways for the mainland to enter TibetThere are two highways, the Qinghai-Tibet Line and the Sichuan-Tibet Line。Seeing that winter is about to begin, the weather is getting colder, and the road conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line will become more and more difficult.
The economic pressure on the mainland itself is great, and once a war breaks out on the Sino-Indian border, it will undoubtedly bring a heavier blow to China's economy.
**and*** contacted Nehru many times, wanting to resolve the border issue in a peaceful way, and try not to use troops. ** He also discussed the history of the two countries in detail with Nehru at the Bandung Conference, and also praised Nehru's achievements during his administration. At the meeting, Nehru and *** had a good conversation, but when it came to satisfying ambitions, Nehru was not so talkative.
** After returning to China, the Indian side proposed to use ".McMahon Line"For the new border between China and India, there is no need to think about it, this is completely impossible, Nehru's appetite is too great. ** Personally wrote a letter to Nehru, in a gentle and calm tone, and the words came from the bottom of his heart, hoping that the two countries would not use troops.
Nehru, who received the letter, was triumphant, confidently believing that China had no capital to fight, but instead strengthened his desire to win by force. Before launching a large-scale offensive in India on October 20, 1962, Nehru was full of confidence in India and believed that this time he could become India."Napoleon
Fig** and Jawaharlal Nehru at the Bandung Conference.
India has deployed 160,000 troops, 1 brigade with a total of more than 5,600 personnel deployed in the western sector, equipped with machine gun battalions and various combat detachments.
In the face of India's initiative and large-scale attack, China's solution attitude is only two words-Fight back
China does not make trouble, but it is not afraid of things either. If the aggressor vainly wants to infringe on China's territorial sovereignty, then hundreds of millions of Chinese people will surely use their lives and flesh as a shield to safeguard the integrity of the motherland!
FigSoldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army rushed to the Sino-Indian border.
The inevitable weapon of victory of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is not advanced **, nor is it all kinds of aircraft and artillery, but the revolutionary spirit of "one is not afraid of hardship, and the other is not afraid of death"!Fighting at high altitudes on the Sino-Indian border, every breath is quite difficult.
On October 20, the ** border guards outflanked the Indian army in the Kejielang area from both flanks, concentrated the main forces, launched a fierce attack on the left and right flanks of the 7th Brigade of the Indian army, quickly occupied Karon, Kningai and other places, and part of the troops launched a frontal attack on the Indian army.
After overcoming the plateau climate, climbing over high mountains, crossing canyons and dense forests, and passing through various natural obstacles, the counterattack troops conquered the important strongholds of the Indian army in the Kejielang area, and the Indian army was quickly disintegrated. The Chinese border guards took advantage of the victory and pursued and went to ".McMahon Line"Attacked to the south and regained".McMahon Line"Part of the territory of China to the south.
* The border guards not only completely annihilated the 7th Brigade of the Indian Army, but also occupied the Tawang area, and the confidence of the squadron that won the first battle was doubled.
FigPeople's Liberation Army fighters are fighting back.
Not to be outdone, the Xinjiang border guards in the western sector fought tenaciously under the harsh conditions of lack of oxygen and severe cold in the plateau area, and launched a fierce attack on the Indian troops invading Hongshantou and the Galwan River Valley, and the Indian troops retreated on all fronts, and by 28 October, all 37 Indian strongholds that had invaded China were cleared.
At this time, the Chinese side still adheres to the principle of "".Harmony is preciousIt is hoped that India can stop the conflict and resolve the border issue peacefully through negotiations.
Nehru and India** have once again chosen to reject China".Negotiations"Demand. There is an old Chinese saying, ".Those who know the times are JunjieObviously, Nehru didn't know this truth, and Nehru was still quite unconvinced when he was defeated by the squadron.
In Nehru's mind, China, which was bent on peace, was poor, and how could the well-trained Indian troops in his hands be defeated?After enduring the calm for a while, taking a step back and thinking about it, the more angry Nehru became, Nehru was so angry that he lost his mind, and once again to".Shipwrecked"Launched an attack on China!
FigIndian troops rushed to the front.
From October 28 until mid-November, India announced its entry into the ".State of emergency", vigorously promoting anti-China ** in the country, and massively expelling Chinese journalists. On the other hand, India** urgently recruits soldiers from the civilian sector to expand its army, and has the potential to fight China to the end.
Beginning on November 11, India dispatched more than 30,000 troops in the Sino-Indian border area to launch a full-front counterattack on the Chinese defense line.
The eastern section of the Warong area, located in the southern foot of the Himalayas, the area is high and densely forested, with an average altitude of more than 4,000 meters, complex topography, many cliffs, and crisscrossed rivers, which is easy to defend and difficult to attack. The 11th Brigade of the Indian Army sent 4 battalions with a total of more than 2,000 people to guard this place, and constantly launched a harassment war against our armyNatural InsuranceThe Indian side is very confident.
The Chinese border guards sent one regiment to encircle the left flank of the Indian army from the northwest of Walong, sent another regiment and one battalion to attack Warong Zagong and Quzi Zagong in a condescending manner, and sent four companies to counterattack and attack from the Chayu River to divide and annihilate the enemy in the Warong area.
FigSupplies wagons of the Indian army.
On November 16, 1962, the Chinese border guards officially launched a counterattack against the Indian army in the Warong area. The commander of the 11th Indian Brigade was worried that it would be completely annihilated like the 7th Brigade, so he urgently ordered the entire line to retreat, and the brigade commander fled by plane, and the remaining large forces were defeated.
In the First Battle of Walong, the people's hero Zhou Tianxi led a reinforced squad to charge bravely, and after three hours of hard fighting, successfully captured the first bunker group of the Indian armyJoy of the weekalso unfortunately died.
WarriorsChen DaifuAt the critical moment, climb up to the Indian bunker and insert the blasting canister through the top cover. In order to prevent being pushed out by the Indian army, Chen Daifu used his body to hold the blaster tightly, and at the moment when he was about to **, Chen Daifu quickly rolled out of the bunker, and the bunker was successfully blown up, opening the way forward for the large army. After the war, both Zhou Tianxi and Chen Daifu were awarded".Combat heroestitle.
FigChen Daifu
In the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack, such combat heroes who dared to sacrifice themselves emerged one after another, making great contributions to the overall victory of our army.
On the afternoon of November 16, the Chinese border guards successfully occupied Wa Lane and took advantage of the victory to pursue the defeated Indian army south, and when approaching the traditional Xi line of the Sino-Indian border, the pursuing force was ordered to stop the pursuit.
In the first battle, more than 1,200 Indian troops were annihilated.
By 21 November, all the Indian army's bases of aggression had been cleared. The month-long self-defense counterattack on the Sino-Indian border came to an end, killing and capturing more than 8,700 Indian soldiers and seizing a large amount of material baggage.
In this battle, China fought quite beautifully, but on November 21, ** suddenly ordered:There was a ceasefire on all fronts, and the initiative was withdrawn.
This decision shocked the fighters at the front, and everyone expressed incomprehension. The soldiers of the border guards, who have been tirelessly disturbed by the continuous intrusion of the Indian army, have long hated the Indian army, and their initiative to invade Chinese territory has made hundreds of millions of Chinese people angryTake the initiative to retreat
FigRetreating PLA units.
Combined with the analysis of the international situation and national conditions at that time, the decision to take the initiative to retreat was actually quite wise.
The first reason:
At that time, China's national conditions were difficult, the people were struggling to eat and wear, and long-term warfare required a large amount of materials, which China obviously could not afford at that time. Coupled with the special geographical conditions and location, the problem of material transportation for long-term operations is also very difficult, which means that if we continue to attack and lay more places, we may not be able to hold it, wasting military strength and materials in vain, and taking the initiative to retreat can fully grasp the initiative in the war, and retain the vital force of the event to the greatest extent.
The second reason:
In the Sino-Indian war, the Soviet Union still supported India, and coupled with the US hegemonism, China could easily fall behind. With the lessons of the Korean War, it is difficult to guarantee that the United States and the Soviet Union will not intervene in the Sino-Indian war, and China will be isolated and helpless. India took the initiative to invade, and China took the initiative to defend and counterattack, which is both reasonable and reasonable, and a timely retreat can better demonstrate China's demeanor as a great power, and it also makes India lose the reason to continue fighting, and the United States and the Soviet Union cannot find an excuse to provoke trouble.
Fig**The third reason:
In the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack, ** said such a passage:
"Over the years, we have taken many measures to seek a peaceful solution to the Sino-Indian border issue, but India has deliberately provoked armed conflict and escalated it, which is really deceitful. Since Nehru had to fight, we had to accompany him. Come and don't be rude. As the saying goes, if we don't fight, we can't make a deal, and maybe if we fight back, the border can be stabilized and the peaceful settlement of the border issue can be hopeful. But our counterattack is only a warning, a punitive nature, and only a telling Nehru and India** that it is not possible to solve the border problem by military means. ”From this passage, we can clearly see China's attitude, we fought back against India at that time only to combat the arrogance of the reactionaries, to defend the security of the national border from the perspective of justice, and the ultimate goal was to hope that negotiations could be reached to resolve the border issue peacefully.
FigChinese and Indian soldiers confronted each other.
In the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack, the Chinese border defense forces, under the wise leadership of the Chinese border guards, carried forward".One is not afraid of death, and the other is not afraid of hardshipThe revolutionary spirit was closely united, won the war, completely eliminated the invading Indian army, safeguarded China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and played the prestige of the Chinese People's Liberation Army!
China's retreat is unprecedented in the world's military history, showing the people of the world that the Chinese People's Liberation Army is a mighty army, a benevolent and righteous army, and even more a peaceful army, and also expresses China's good wish to safeguard world peace and promote the common development of all countries.
Nehru's self-proclaimed peace and neutrality, with aggression at its core, exposed the slander against China by India and the reactionary forces, and won not only a military victory, but also a political victory, and even more so the hearts and minds of the people
FigNehru
The Sino-Indian self-defense counterattack has brought more than half a century of peace to China, but unfortunately, the Sino-Indian border is still disputed today, under the influence of complex historical reasons, the Sino-Indian border line has never been formally demarcated, and there are currently a total of 8 areas disputed, especially in the eastern section, there are still large areas of disputed areas under the control of India.
The border guards guarding the Sino-Indian border are still facing threats to their lives in this era of peace. The high altitude and cold climate of the border line have been against the will of the border guards for many years. In addition, the Indian soldiers stationed along the border line are not at ease, and India is still ambitious.
FigBorder guards salute in the snow.
Salute to the border guards, how can there be any quiet years, but someone is carrying the weight for us!