After the founding of the People's Republic of China, how did Sino-US relations evolve into confrontation?Since Chiang Kai-shek provoked the civil war in 1946, the United States began to support Chiang Kai-shek at any cost and confront the CCP.
Modern China has experienced a history of 109 years from the outbreak of the First Opium War to the founding of New China, and since the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and imperialism has become the enemy of all Chinese.
Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has taken the overthrow of imperialist enslavement and rule over the Chinese people as its primary goal. In particular, the brazen efforts of US imperialism to support Chiang Kai-shek in openly fighting a civil war have strengthened the idea of the Chinese Communist Party of China regarding the United States as one of the enemies of the revolution.
At the same time, the international situation changed drastically, and the world was divided into the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union and the capitalist camp led by the United States. The Chinese revolution naturally made the defeat of the enslavement of US imperialism its natural goal. While supporting Chiang Kai-shek, the United States also organized a "united front" after the founding of New China in an attempt to isolate New China.
After the People's Liberation Army (PLA) captured Nanjing, US Ambassador to China Stuart Leiden demanded that foreign institutions in China align themselves with the Chinese Communist regime, and even said in talks with Chinese Communist Party representative Huang Hua that New China should not establish close relations with the Soviet Union. The United States** instructed embassies in foreign countries to prevent other non-communist countries from recognizing New China. This series of policies and actions shows that the United States has a deep-seated hostile attitude toward New China, and the relations between the two countries have always been in a state of hostility.
As the United States continued to adopt a hostile attitude toward the Communist Party of China and New China, the Chinese Communists such as the United States gradually became convinced that the United States was the main external threat to the victory of the Chinese revolution and the most important hostile force to strangle the New China regime.
Therefore, from the War of Liberation to the founding of New China, the CCP has always taken measures to prepare for possible US intervention, including preventing direct US military intervention. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the CCP was committed to breaking the economic blockade of the United States and guarding against and eliminating the obstruction of the United States when planning to liberate Taiwan.
Under the influence of the international situation, the Soviet Union, as the big brother of the socialist camp, exerted pressure on New China and put proper handling of relations with the Soviet Union in the first place in formulating its foreign relations policy. Less than three months after the founding of the People's Republic of China, he personally visited the Soviet Union, took the initiative to move closer to the Soviet Union, and shelved relations with the United States and other Western countries to ensure the stability of Sino-Soviet relations.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Sino-US relations moved toward confrontation, and under the influence of the domestic political environment, including the ideological mobilization and victory in the War of Liberation, the ideology of "fear of the United States and admiration for the United States" was swept away within the party and the military. In the later period of the Liberation War, patriotic enthusiasm within the Party and the military was unprecedentedly high, and the CCP took measures to prevent actions that might cause international conflicts. This patriotic fervor pushes the CCP to choose a policy of confrontation with the United States.
The influence of the domestic political environment also involved the Kuomintang ruling clique and the "third force". The ruling circles of the Kuomintang sought the support of the United States as a condition for survival, and the United States has always supported the Kuomintang. The "third force" has varying degrees of illusion about the United States, which is used by the United States to influence China's political situation. In addition to dealing with the ruling clique of the Kuomintang supported by the United States, the CCP must also educate, guide, and win over the personnel of the "third force" to prevent them from being used by the United States to interfere in the course of China's history.
During the War of Liberation, the U.S. ambassador to China held several talks with Huang Hua, the representative of the Chinese Communist Party, which strengthened the CCP's understanding that the United States had no intention of abandoning the Chinese revolution as an enemy. Stuart Leiden's visit attempted to create a Chinese Communist Party to invite him to the north, which intensified the Chinese Communists' antipathy towards the United States.
Based on this situation, ** formulated a foreign policy of "starting anew", "cleaning the house before inviting guests", and "one-sided". At the same time, the United States informed Stuart that he was not allowed to visit Beijing, announcing the end of the CCP's contacts with the United States. The United States published a "Critique of U.S.-China Relations", marking the beginning of the confrontation between New China and the United States. On April 30, 1950, U.S. officials withdrew from China, and two months later, the Korean War broke out.
In the course of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the relationship between China and the United States has gradually evolved from initial cooperation to confrontation, a process full of twists and turns, and the product of the intertwined influence of the international situation, the domestic political environment, and external forces.
The evolution of Sino-US relations since the founding of the People's Republic of China has presented an intricate picture, which is the result of the interweaving of international politics, the domestic environment, and external forces. In this process, it not only reflected the wisdom and decision-making of the leaders of the two countries, but also reflected the complexity of the international landscape at that time.
First of all, the article mentions that in the early days of the founding of New China, the United States did not hesitate to support Chiang Kai-shek and confront the CCP, which laid a decisive factor for Sino-US relations. This confrontation does not arise from isolated incidents, but is rooted in domestic and foreign contradictions and ideological disputes. While supporting Chiang Kai-shek, the United States adopted a series of policies of opposition and hostility towards New China, resulting in a constant state of hostility between China and the United States. This reflected the fact that under the Cold War at that time, China and the United States represented the two camps of socialism and capitalism, respectively, and conflicts between them were inevitable.
Second, the article points out the impact of the domestic political environment on Sino-US relations. After the victory of the Liberation War, the unprecedented patriotic enthusiasm within the party and the army made the CCP have to take measures to prevent actions that may cause international conflicts. This patriotic fervor also pushed the CCP to choose a policy of confrontation with the United States, reflecting the strong antipathy and resistance of Chinese society to foreign interference at that time. The state of domestic politics has a profound impact on international relations, forming a united front of external resistance.
In addition, the article mentions the influence of the Kuomintang ruling clique and the "third force" on Sino-US relations. The Kuomintang ruling clique pursues the support of the United States as its survival condition, while the "third force" has varying degrees of illusion in the United States, which is used by the United States to influence China's political situation. This shows that the CCP must not only deal with the Kuomintang supported by the United States, but also deal with the influence of the "third force" to ensure that the domestic political situation is not affected by external forces.
Finally, the article emphasizes the wisdom of decision-making, especially in foreign relations, which gives top priority to the proper handling of relations with the Soviet Union. This far-sighted diplomatic strategy has enabled New China to win more support in the international arena and ensure the country's long-term development. China's adherence to the foreign policy of "starting anew," "cleaning the house before inviting guests," and "one-sidedness" has found a relatively stable foothold for New China in international relations.
In general, the evolution of Sino-US relations after the founding of the People's Republic of China is not only the result of the decisions made by the leaders of the two countries, but also the product of the interaction between the international landscape, the domestic political environment, and external forces at that time. This historical process has important implications for understanding the complexity and variability of China-US relations, and also provides valuable experience for handling international relations today.
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