Contents: The history of Xiao He Kanqing.
Edited by Xiao He Kanqing History.
The reason why Tang poetry can accept the influence of the culture of the Western Regions is inseparable from the open pattern behind it. The pattern has two levels of connotationThe first is the open pattern of Tang Dynasty society, and the second is the open pattern of Tang poetry creation.
The pattern of opening up of a society includes both internal and external aspects, and the typical example of the opening up of Tang society to the inside is undoubtedly the opening of the ruling group to emerging forces, such as the most effective means - the imperial examination.
The opening up of Tang society to the outside world had at least two implications. First, the Han nationality is open to other ethnic minorities and foreigners other than the Han nationality, and second, the core areas such as the Central Plains and Jiangnan are open to border areas, demonic areas, and foreign countries. The opening up of Tang Dynasty society was an inevitable trend in the historical development of Tang Dynasty society.
The Tang Dynasty ended the 400-year-long north-south situation since the great turmoil at the end of the Han DynastyThe national disputes of the "Wuhu Chaos in China" are actually a gradual historical process of "Wuhu Fusion".This ethnic integration continued into the Tang Dynasty.
Under such a premise, the ruler's national concept, ideology and dynastic treatment of heterogeneous cultures, especially the carriers of heterogeneous culturesMinorities and foreigners, frontiers and foreignersAttitudes, policies and practical effects are the best evidence of openness and intensity.
In the ideological and religious fields, the Tang Dynasty not only provided a huge and free space for the spread and development of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, but also adopted a tolerant attitude towards the foreign "Three Yi Religions".
During the Changqing period, Shu Yuanyu wrote the "Inscription of Chongyan Temple in Yongxing County, Ezhou", saying: "Therefore, the hometown of the ten ethnic groups and the hundred families must have a floating map for its powder." The dynasty along the ancient and there is a mixture, there are Manichaean, the Great Qin Yan, the Shenyan. The number of Sanyi Temple in the world is not enough when the number of a small Yi in Wushi Temple. ”
The Mani here refers to Manichaeism, Daqin refers to Jingjiao, and the god refers to Yuanjiao. Although Shu Yuanyu belittled the Sanyi Religion from a Buddhist standpoint, he still admitted that the Sanyi Religion was legally permissible.
In terms of ethnic affairs, the Tang Dynasty, on the premise of ensuring the stability of border defense, accepted a large number of ethnic minorities from the surrounding areas, showing the broad-mindedness and strong national strength of a large country.
The Tang Dynasty was a model for dynasties in stabilizing the border and operating the four realms Only take the ten knots of Tianbao as an example The first year of Tianbao "The state of the world's sound and religion is three hundred and thirty-one The state of the demon is eight hundred and ten knots, and the meridian is slightly used to prepare for the border.
Anxi Festival Funing Western Regions. The North Courtyard Section is a measure of prevention and control of Turf and Jiankun. Hexi Jiedu cut off the Tibetans and Turks. Shuofang Jiedu defended the Turks. Hedong Jiedu and Shuofang chair angle to resist the Turks. Fan Yang Festival is in control of Xi and Khitan. Pinglu Jiedu calms the room Wei and the shoe scorpion.
Longyou section is prepared for Tibet. Jiannan Jiedu West Anti-Tibetan Fu Barbarian Flirtatious. The five prefectures of Lingnan are slightly suijingyi and flirtatious. "These ten knotsIt is not only responsible for the stability of one side, but also complements and cooperates with each otherIt guards the rich Central Plains and Jiangnan of the Tang Dynasty.
Based on this, the Tang Dynasty accepted immigrants from Dali for many reasons, such as refuge, capture, surrender, and war aid, among which those mainly from the Mongolian Plateau were the Eastern Turks, Tiele, Khitan, Xi, Tuyuhun and Tubo from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, those from the Western Regions were the Western Turks, Huique, and the nine surnamed Hu, and those from the Yunnan Plateau, such as Yaozhouman and Nanzhao.
In the Anshi Rebellion, the Huihe army entered the Central Plains to help in the war, and the influence of the Huihe expanded, which also provided convenience for the Huige merchants to go deep into the Central Plains to do business. Chang'an had the largest number of Huihe merchants, often more than 1,000 people, and a considerable number of these merchants and soldiers of various units who did not die in battle remained in the Central Plains. ”
These mass migrants were either resettled in the border areas or subordinatedThe Central Plains or the fertile land of Jianghuai Its main leaders and families were often settled in Chang'anAlthough some of them have since returned, most have stayed for a long time.
The Tang Dynasty's large-scale, frequent, and large-scale acceptance of surrounding ethnic minorities and foreigners, and the awarding of officials and the reuse of their leaders and generals, must have had an extremely obvious impact and shock on all aspects of Tang Dynasty society.
The racial and cultural factors carried by these alien races will inevitably participate in the process of combining and shaping the society and culture of the Tang Dynasty and exert their new and heterogeneous influence.
The incomparably strong Tang Dynasty, the unprecedented vastness of the ancestral domain, the abundance of the economy, and the open-mindedness of politics were projected onto the world of Hanmo, which not only added to the poet's heart the self-confidence and courage of the late ancient and modern worldIt has also built an eclectic cultural platform for poets' creations.
The geographical and cultural landscape of the Western Regions could not be displaced, which limited the breadth and depth of the Tang people's acceptance of its influence to a certain extent, but other cultural forms in the Western Regions continued to pour into the Central Plains in different ways and waysEspecially Chang'an.
Immigrants are the vitality of a city Tang Chang'an is the only capital city with the largest and most active number of immigrants in Chinese history, the most prominent of which are immigrants from the Western Regions and their descendants known as the "Hu people".
We're inA large number of terracotta figurines or murals have been unearthed in the Xi'an areaIt can be seen that the images of bearded people with high noses, deep eyes, and beards abound, and they have different shapes, ranging from generals, samurai, civil officials, to camel riding merchants, and singers and dancers.
Many unearthed epitaphs also truly record the activities of immigrants from the Western Regions, and it can be said that Chang'an is an open, mobile and integrated international metropolis. At the same time, Chang'an, as the national capital, attracted the people of the Tang Dynasty, including poets, with its special political, economic and cultural core status.
It may be difficult for a poet of the Tang Dynasty to go to the Western Regions to see the true face of a foreign land, but it is not easy to go to the Hu shop in the west of Chang'an City, drink the golden giant luo, drink wine, and at the same time enjoy the Hu Xuan dance of the orchids.
Therefore, Chang'an City played the role of a world metropolis as the first good district in the Tang Dynasty, and provided the best platform for the convergence, integration and dissemination of Western Regions culture. With the unification of the empire and the frequent diplomatic activities, the number of aliens and foreigners in Chang'an City gradually increased.
Among them were Persian and Arab envoys, princes from the confinement of the kingdom, students from friendly countries, and a large number of missionaries and merchantsMost of its appearance, language, clothing, and livelihood were unprecedented in the Tang Dynasty.
The people of the Tang Dynasty, including the poets, all hoped to fully relax their humanity and soul and fully enjoy the good life and life. Therefore, the music and dance culture in the art and culture of the Western Regions and the wine culture in the folk culture are the most closely related to the creation of Tang poetry, and have the greatest influence on the creation of Tang poetry.
The culture of the Western Regions has greatly expanded the vision and scope of Tang poetry creation, and enriched the content and themes of Tang poetry creation. The history, geography and culture of the Western Regions became the subject of intense expression by poets of the Tang Dynasty. The most important channel connecting the Tang Dynasty with the outside world was the Silk Road, which started in Chang'an and ran through the entire Western Regions.
The unique physical geography of the Western Regions Since the Han and Tang dynasties, the continuous changes in transportation, administrative geography and human geography in the Western Regions are not only the prerequisites for the formation of the culture of the Western Regions, but also the focus of poets' attention.
Guo Zhen, Luo Binwang, Li Bai, Cen Shen, Zhang Xuanming, Wu She, Xiao Nuan, Yin Ji and other poetsVisiting or living in the Western Regions They have a personal experience of the natural geography, mountains, rivers, customs, social culture of the Western Regions, and their real experience of the Western Regions will inevitably have a great impact on the creation of poetry.
Experiencing the Western Regions not only provided creative opportunities for poets who went to the border and gave farewells, thus leaving a large number of poems describing the geography of the Western Regions, but more importantly, experiencing the Western Regions, so that many poets directly felt and participated in the construction of the geographical and cultural landscape of the Western Regions.
The folklore of the Western Regions prevailed in the Tang DynastyFrom the royal family, dignitaries and nobles to the folk market, the folk customs of the Western Regions are all welcomed and sought after, from the material folk customs such as food and palace to the behavior folk customs such as festivals and entertainment, and even the folk customs of clothing and makeup with strong aesthetics, almost all kinds of cultural landscapes of the Western Regions folk customs have their popular world.
In the world of historical documents and archaeological relics, the Western Regions food culture landscape, the Western Regions clothing culture landscape, the Western Regions decoration cultural landscape, the Western Regions palace cultural landscape, the Western Regions festival entertainment cultural landscape and other folk cultural landscapes are not only mature, but also rich, full and even breathtaking.
But in contrast to what the poems reflectSevere asymmetryTarget.
For example, in the Western Regions, wine was a relatively common commodity in social life, and in the Central Plains, despite two large-scale introductions, wine was still placed in a very high position, and often appeared in poetry as a noble, rare and luxurious item.
On the surface, some important elements of drinking culture in the Western Regions, such as wine, pomegranate, pipa, glass pai, tulip, glaze, agate, orchid, luminous cup, and golden giant luo, became indispensable keywords in the creation of drinking poems in the Tang Dynasty
From a deep level, the specific content of the long-standing, colorful and even very interesting liquor customs of the Western Regions as wellFetish sex, and freedomThe characteristics also exerted a great influence on the creation of drinking poems in the Tang Dynasty.
The more far-reaching influence of the Western Regions culture on the creation of Tang poetry lies inAesthetic taste and artistic styleetc. Behind the colorful and unprecedented pomp and circumstance between the cultural phenomena of the Western Regions and the texts of Tang poetry, there is inevitably a complex relationship between beautification or ugliness, exclusion or tolerance, and the relationship between the intrinsic nature of Western Regions culture and the charm of Tang Shifeng.
The influence of the Western Regions culture, which is full of complexity, chaos and openness, on Tang poetry is manifold, but the most prominent is the aesthetic taste and artistic style created for Tang poetryCurious, vigorous, and aggressiveThe development has had a positive, effective and far-reaching impact, promoted the ultimate beauty of Tang poetry, and injected vitality, vitality and heretical factors into the development process of Tang poetry.
1] (Song) Sima Guang, ed.;"Punctuation Information Governance General Review Group" proofreading;Zizhi Tongjian[M].Chung Hwa Book Company, 1956
2] (Song) Ouyang Xiu, written by Song Qi;New Tang Dynasty Book [M].Chung Hwa Book Company, 1975
3] (Song) Lu You;Kong Fanli Point School;Xixi Congyu [m].Chung Hwa Book Company, 1993
4] (Tang) Du You;Wang Wenjin and other schools;General Dictionary [M].Chung Hwa Book Company, 1988