Educational psychology is a compulsory course for primary, secondary and university teachers before they can enter the workforce. Educational psychology tells us that there are three types of learning strategies: cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and resource management strategies.
There are three main types of cognitive strategies: repetition strategies, refining strategies, and organizational strategies.
1 Paraphrasing strategy
The retelling strategy is to repeat what you have learned many times to figure out the "what" question.
For liberal arts, such as English, Chinese, geography, history, and politics, it is necessary to memorize knowledge points repeatedly;For science, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc., it is necessary to repeat and memorize concepts, theorems, laws, etc. many times.
The theoretical basis for repeating knowledge points many times is the law of memory forgetting. The German psychologist Ebbinghaus studied the law of forgetting memory and drew the memory forgetting curve.
Forgetting curves. Because memories are forgettable, they need to be reviewed in time. This is especially true when learning English words and slang words.
2 Finishing Strategy
The finishing strategy is to understand what you have learned, to connect the new knowledge to the existing knowledge, and to figure out the "why" and other questions.
A lot of knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences needs to be memorized on the basis of understanding.
For example, for texts in Chinese, we need to have a deep understanding: how does the author choose words and form sentences?How to plan the layout?How do you develop a narrative around the center?What thoughts does the author want to express?Why is this text good?How can I learn from the author?Wait a minute.
For example, there is a theorem in mathematics that we need to understand in depth: how did it come about?What kind of knowledge does it relate to?What is it for?What kind of problems can it deal with?Wait a minute.
3 Organizational Strategy
The organizational strategy is to incorporate the new knowledge learned into one's own cognitive system and form a new knowledge structure. This is the superlative form of cognitive strategy. Systematic knowledge is the most useful thing, and a good knowledge structure allows us to use knowledge freely and creatively. What we call the ability to outline is based on a good knowledge structure.
Metacognition is the cognition of cognition. That is, to consciously understand, monitor, and regulate one's own cognitive processes and cognitive strategies.
There are three main types of metacognitive strategies: planning strategies, monitoring strategies, and moderation strategies.
1 Plan your strategy
Planning strategies are mainly to answer questions such as "what am I going to do" and "how do I plan to do it".
For example, when it comes to memorizing English words, you need to plan: how many words do you memorize each day?At what time period do you carry it?When is the first review?When is the second review?Wait a minute.
2 Supervision Strategy
The monitoring strategy is mainly to answer questions such as "how is it doing" and "*needs to be improved". For example, reflect on how well you learned a while agoIs the study plan met?Are you lazy?Wait a minute.
3 Moderation Strategy
The moderation strategy is mainly to answer the question "how can I do it better". For example, if the performance of mathematics learning has declined, it is necessary to add more time for mathematics learning, check and fill in the gaps in mathematics in a timely manner, or improve mathematics learning methods, etc.
A resource management strategy is a strategy for managing and learning about the environment and resources that are available.
There are four main types of resource management strategies: time management, environmental management, motivation and effort management, and seeking support from others.
1 Time management
Time management is all about using your study time wisely. For example, you can use fragmented time to memorize English words and wordsAllocate the study time of each subject reasonably;Pay attention to the combination of work and rest, and so on.
2 Environmental management
Environmental management is all about improving learning efficiency by optimizing the learning environment. For example, reducing environmental disturbances;Keep your desk tidy and tidy to improve your learning efficiencyDo not leave snacks, mobile phones, etc. next to your desk;Categorize various learning materials to make them easier to find, etc.
3 Motivation and effort management
Motivational effort management is all about taking appropriate measures to maintain motivation and effort in learning.
It is important to emphasize here that the higher the motivation to learn, the better. Psychologists Yerkes and Dodson found that there is a strong correlation between the level of motivation and the difficulty of what is learned.
Yerkes-Dodson Law.
They proposed the Yerkes-Dodson law: (1) For any learning task, there is an optimal level of motivation when learning is most efficient;Beyond this level of motivation, learning efficiency decreases instead of increasing. (2) The optimal level of motivation was higher for simple learning tasksFor difficult learning tasks, the optimal level of motivation is lower;For learning tasks with a moderate level of difficulty, the optimal level of motivation is moderate.
For example, for very difficult problems in mathematics, the level of motivation should not be too high and do not spend too much time on it. Why?First, too much time is spent on difficult problems, which means less time is spent on basic knowledge, resulting in an unreliable foundationSecond, it takes too much time to solve difficult problems, which reduces confidence in learningThird, the exam generally does not take extremely difficult questions, or the proportion of such questions is very small.
4 Seek support from others
If you still don't understand something about a problem after thinking about it deeply, you need to ask a teacher or someone else. The value of this strategy is obvious.
It is worth pointing out that classmates can help each other or help classmates solve difficult problems to help them improve their learning and can be classified as such strategies.