Thorny old buds, also known as thorny buds, spiny dragon buds, Liaodong Aralia, etc., are mainly small trees and shrubs, and the height of the tree is usually 1About 5-5m, in general, the length of the shoots is 15 cm, and appears as an elongated straight spine. For wild spiny buds, they are mainly distributed in the eastern mountainous areas of Heilongjiang, the eastern part of Jilin Province and the Changbai Mountains, the eastern and southern mountainous areas of Liaoning Province, the Xiaoxing'an Mountains, the Laoshan Mountains of Qingdao, Shandong, and the northeast of Hebei. It is commonly found in shrubs and forest edges of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, secondary forests, and mixed forests.
The spiny old buds not only have certain medicinal value, but also contain a variety of trace elements and amino acids necessary for the human body, so they also have high edible value. With the sustainable development of social economy, the maturity of the transportation industry and the express delivery industry, the market of thorn sprout products in various regions has been opened, and it is imperative to artificially cultivate thorny sprouts in the context of increasing market demand and the gradual lack of wild resources of thorny sprouts. The artificial cultivation method has the advantages of high efficiency and simple management during the practical application period.
Collect seed roots. Due to the climatic conditions of the growing area of the spiny old shoots, the roots are usually collected after the soil thaws, that is, between late March and early April, and the diameter should be selected as much as possible to reach 1It is a spine old bud variety with new roots of more than 5m and no pests and diseases, no thorns or few spines, hypertrophic side buds, and smooth and neat stem skin. It should be noted that violent collection should be avoided during the collection process to avoid damage to the roots and rot. After the seed root screening and collection is completed, it should be cut into uniform root segments according to the actual situation and ensure that each section is about 30cm long, and because there is no epidermis protection at both ends of the root segment, it is necessary to place the root segment in the mixed solution of 16 gibberellin water-soluble tablets, manganese-zinc wettable powder 200 times and 60 nail cream after dilution of 2000 times and soak it for about 30min, so as to avoid it being infected by pathogens, and then the seed roots can be fished out and planted in the field.
Land preparation and basal fertilization.
For the thorny old bud crop, it belongs to the sun-loving plant, due to the characteristics of the growth environment of the thorny old bud, it does not have strong waterlogging tolerance and drought tolerance, which needs the attention of relevant planting personnel. In the process of land selection and land preparation during the cultivation of spiny old shoots, it is necessary to choose a gentle slope land that is free of disease and insect pest infection and does not re-stubble as much as possible, and at the same time ensure that the soil has the characteristics of strong drainage, permeability, high organic matter content and deep soil layer. In the process of land preparation, it is necessary to comprehensively clean up the root stubble, debris, stones, etc. in the ground, and at the same time, select high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and decomposed organic fertilizer as base fertilizer according to the actual situation, and carry out rotary tillage after fertilization.
Planting. Before planting the thorn old buds, it should be combined with the actual situation based on the local market environment and market demand to reasonably arrange the market time and planting time of the thorny old buds, for the aquatic cultivation of the thorny old bud products, usually it takes about 50 days from formal cultivation to mature marketing.
First, select a diameter of 1Stems of 5 cm or more should be cut off at the end of the apical bud about 30 cm long, and each 50 root segments should be a bundle. It should be noted that after the length is determined, the length cannot be changed at will regardless of the factors, so as to avoid the irregularity of the two ends after the root segment is planted to the waterbed. At the same time, the root section should avoid direct contact between the strapping rope and the top of the root segment during the bundling process, and at the same time, the top of the root segment should be prevented from being overcrowded, so it is necessary to ensure that about 20cm is left between the bundling rope and the top of the root segment as much as possible in combination with the actual situation.
Secondly, before the formal construction of the greenhouse waterbed used for the cultivation of spiny old shoots, the relevant materials, equipment and the scale of greenhouse waterbed construction should be reasonably selected according to the actual situation. If the capital reserves are abundant and the environment is suitable, you can choose the cement bed and form a factory-based and streamlined production modeIf the capital reserve is relatively tight, you can choose a simpler and cheaper soil bed according to the actual situation and specific needs. When constructing the bed, it is necessary to combine the specific situation of the greenhouse and the overall scale and other relevant factors to reasonably formulate the size and direction of the bed, and the width of the bed is usually 12m, the width of the back wall of the greenhouse is about 70cm, the walking space between the two beds is 30cm, and the direction is north-south longitudinal. In addition, in order to effectively discharge the wastewater in the greenhouse, it should be 0Dig a drainage ditch at a distance of about 5m. In order to ensure that the old water in the waterbed can be smoothly discharged into the drainage ditch, it should be ensured that there is a certain height difference between the bed and the ground and that the waterbed is inclined to the side of the drainage ditch as a whole, so the bed height should be set between 15-20cm according to the actual situation, and the bottom of the bed should be higher than the drainage ditch. After the bed is finished, a wooden frame that fits the scale of the bed should be made based on the actual size of the bed, and placed on the bed surface, and then a drainage outlet should be reserved in the wooden frame on the side of the adjacent drainage ditch based on the position of the drainage ditch. After the installation of the bed and the wooden frame is completed, the thickness should be selected as 005mm agricultural plastic film is laid on the bed and the wooden frame is used to effectively fix the agricultural plastic film around it, avoiding the selection of thickness less than 005mm agricultural plastic film to prevent the old shoots from being punctured during their growth.
Finally, after the above-mentioned planting preparations are completed, an appropriate amount of water should be added to the sink in combination with the actual situation, and at the same time, under the premise of ensuring that there is no water leakage, the bundled thorny old buds are planted upwards into the trough, and the old thorny buds are required to sit in the waterbed in the way that the stalk head of the thorny old bud is upward, and the hand is loosened after ensuring that the root segment is inclined about 5 ° or vertical after being loosened. In general, the number of stalks that can be loaded per square meter is about 700-800. After the stalk is planted, it should be filled with water immediately and the water depth should be controlled at about 5-7cm.
Cultivation management measures.
For the aquaponic management measures of spiny buds, it is mainly divided into the following aspects:
Germination. In order to ensure that the spiny old shoots can break dormancy and germinate and grow early, an appropriate amount of gibberellin should be selected according to the actual situation. Experiments have shown that the use of appropriate amount of gibberellin can not only achieve the germination stage of the old buds about a week earlier, but also ensure the concentration of germination and improve the uniformity and growth rate of the buds.
Nutritional provision. In order to effectively supplement the nutrients of aquatic stalks, the stalks should be sprayed after about 10-12 days after aquaculture, and 10 days after spore germination and budding.
Humidity management. Relevant management personnel should carry out effective humidity management work based on the actual situation in the greenhouse and build a small arch shed. Through scientific and reasonable humidity management and the erection of small arch sheds, the effect of thermal insulation and moisturization can be effectively realized. With the growth of the buds in the stem, when the buds grow to a certain scale, it will be difficult to transfer water and nutrients upwards by the stems alone, resulting in malnutrition in the buds in the stems. At the same time, at the end of April and the beginning of May, the sunshine is stronger at noon, and if the buds are not effectively protected at this stage, the buds will be completely exposed to the air. In the environment of insufficient water supply of the stalk and strong sunshine and high temperature, the water loss of the bud body in the stem will be faster, resulting in the wilting of the bud body, so it is necessary to set up a small arch shed according to the actual situation and ensure that the air humidity in the small arch shed reaches about 85 -90, so as to provide healthy and good growth conditions for the thorny old buds.
Temperature management. For the growth conditions of spiny buds, a suitable low temperature and humidity environment should be provided for them, and after the stalk is cultivated, it is necessary to pay more attention to and control the temperature in the greenhouse under the premise of satisfying its humidity and water supply according to the actual situation. For the spiny buds at this stage, if the temperature is above 25, the growth is slower;If the temperature is between 15 and 20, the growth rate is faster;If the temperature is between 5 and 15, the growth is slower;If the temperature is lower than 5, the stalk will die. In addition, if the growth environment temperature of the spiny old bud is at a low level within the suitable temperature range, the bud body of the spiny old bud is fresh and thick, and the vice versa is thin and weak, which is related to the speed of water loss. In addition, the relevant management personnel should increase the control of the water quality in the tank to ensure that the water is changed every 10 days or so to ensure the health of the water quality.
Living water management. For the cultivation and management of thorny old shoots, the key is the control and prevention of stalk soft rot, gray mold and other related diseases. If the water in the waterbed is not replaced for a long time, white bacteria will grow under the conditions of various nutrients and suitable temperatures, and if it is not effectively controlled, it will eventually spread to the surface of the stalks, and eventually cause soft rot on the stalks. In order to effectively avoid the aquatic growth of white bacteria in the waterbed, the frequency of water change should be increased according to the actual situation, usually every 3d or 5d water change, and the control of stem stability should be strengthened in the process of water change, so as to avoid irreversible damage to the stem due to violent operation or non-standard operation.
Water and fertilizer management. In the process of cultivating the old shoots, if sufficient basal fertilizer is applied to them in the planting stage, the topdressing operation during the growth period can be omitted according to the actual situation. In the following year, after the harvesting of the old buds is completed, it is necessary to prune the stems reasonably and remove the side buds, dig a ditch with a length, width and height of about 30cm between each plant, or dig a ditch with a depth of 30cm at a distance of about 20cm from the ridge, apply high-quality rotted farmhouse fertilizer, and then water and cover with soil according to the actual situation.
Pest and disease control.
For the aquatic cultivation of spiny old buds, due to the particularity of aquatic cultivation, it is necessary for relevant cultivators to pay more attention to their pest control work in combination with the actual situation. Under normal circumstances, it is necessary to use 500-700 times of 80 dysen zinc wettable powder or 800-1000 times of 50 carbendazim wettable powder to sterilize and disinfect the stems by spraying, so as to effectively reduce the occurrence of soft rot, gray mold and other related diseases. If the stalk has blight, it is necessary for the relevant management personnel to choose 350-500 times of 15 oxachlor water agent according to the actual situation to spray at the beginning of the disease, and then spray again at an interval of one or a half weeks.
In the process of insect pest control of spiny old buds, the main control object is aphids, and at the same time, in order to avoid the impact of pesticides on the bud body of spiny old buds, it is necessary to choose low-toxicity and low-residue agents to effectively control the pest pests of spiny old buds, and under normal circumstances, you can choose to use 20% Kangfu Duo concentrate (imidacloprid) solvent 1000 2000 times liquid spray.
In conclusion, the cultivation of spiny sprouts plays an important role in improving the utilization rate of understory resources and developing understory economy. The nutritional value of the sprouts is very rich, and their roots can also be used as medicine to replenish qi and dispel wind and invigorate blood and relieve pain, but the production of wild sprouts is difficult to meet the market consumption demand. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the production and quality of spiny buds through scientific cultivation technology, and relevant planting technicians need to fully manage the cultivation and planting according to the growth habits of spiny buds, so as to ensure the normal development and growth of spiny buds.