Among the nations of the world, Jews always seem to be "unwelcome."
In 1841, Friedrich Wilhelm IV issued a draft law proposing the restoration of the medieval Jewish guilds, intending to completely separate Jews from religious society, which was the so-called "Jewish question" in Germany.
During World War II, the Jews were even more brutally subjected. Anti-Semitism was also rampant in Europe.
What is the reason?As a result, it has been difficult for Jews to have a "place to stay" in the whole worldThis has a lot to do with the character of the Jews as a nation and the Judaism they profess.
With regard to the national character of the Jews, Hegel speaks of their pride, narrow-mindedness, and stubbornness in the biography of Jesus.
In the Biography of Jesus, Hegel wrote: Jesus sowed the seeds of freedom and morality to the Jews, illuminating their ignorant and stubborn hearts with the light of purity and reason, hoping to sweep away the narrow spirit of national prejudice and national pride from the Jews.
But the Jews, "clinging to deep-seated national prejudices and lacking a sense of what is noble," were proud of their family names, of their lineage of Abraham's descendants, of Jacob's descendants.
They regarded their surnames and descent as great virtues, and they took pride in receiving and obeying the circumcision and the Law of Moses.
Hegel believed that these pride, pride, were the national prejudices in the hearts of the Jews.
The existence of this prejudice hinders their recognition of pure, rational moral truth. It seems that the inspiration of Jesus' pure reason could not awaken the Jewish national consciousness, so Hegel often criticized the stubbornness of the Jews.
At the same time, Hegel also showed in "Popular Religion and Religion" that the Jews are accustomed to obeying the teachings of authority, and the Jews do not have the graceful spirit of free conversation like the Greeks, and they are more accustomed to directly obeying the leadership and reprimand of external authorities.
- When they have to refute it, they also take an outward and rough way. This type of dialogue comes from the Jewish ancestors and dates back to the time of Moses.
When Moses gave God's law on Mount Sinai, he did so in an authoritative and commanding tone that gave the impression that the Jews were more of a servant of God than a friend or a friend or a redeemer, the redeemed, and the redeemer.
The national culture of obedience to authority and the stubbornness of the national character are also manifested in the Jewish religion (that is, in Judaism). Judaism is bound by the code of laws and commandments, and regards blind obedience to authority, commandments, as the only "virtue."
Judaism also requires people to perform a large number of unconscious, meaningless religious activities.
In everyday life, Judaism lays down a series of rules of red tape, and the Jewish people live like monks who live a life of observance of the commandments.
In Judaism, the relationship between man and God is connected by law, and Judaism's worship of God is because of the law, not from the heart, and it can be said that Judaism brings more obligations to Jews than spiritual activities.
Such a religion, in the young Hegel's view, did not completely transform from empirical to transcendental spiritual existence.
- The blind obedience of the Jews to authority is also considered by Hegel to be a manifestation of servile consciousness.
Hegel thus developed a fierce critique of the Jews and Judaism.
From the above brief description of Judaism, we can roughly say that Judaism is full of a lot of external, alien coercive forces. The "abstract negation" of this power leads to the non-spirituality of the Jews without freedom and true morality.
Hegel emphasized that this non-spirituality is the reason why the Jews have become servile beings dominated by external forces, and Judaism has thus become the authoritative religion of external coercion.
Abstract negation" also preserves a certain strangeness, alienation, and otherness in self-consciousness.
At the same time, because of the obedience to authority and commandments of Judaism, the Jews, who were descendants of Abraham, inherited the idea that they "simply regarded the whole world as his opposite."
When powerful, the Jews will "rule everything with the most tyrannical, strong, and dehumanizing ** without scruples." This has led to a strictly exclusive national character in Judaism.
Hegel's statement that Judaism is opposed to the world is precisely this interpretation of exclusivity.
Powell, a scholar after Hegel, also spoke of this exclusivity of Judaism.
In Powell's view, the Jews were a "chosen" people of Jehovah, and therefore the Jews did not see a relationship between Gentiles and Jews.
There is an irreducible, absolute, universal essential difference between Jews and Gentiles—it can be said that Jews consider themselves to be a "special" being, fundamentally different from other peoples in the world.
Therefore, Powell believes that the exclusivity of Jews is actually a relative, one-sided self-consciousness, which leads Jews to exclude themselves from the "** religious community" or even the "human community".
So the reason why Jews will be ostracized by **religious countries, and even some other non-**religious countries, is self-evident.
- And most importantly, it is entirely the result of their exclusivity. Even if these countries do not exclude Jews, Jews themselves have excluded themselves.
Moreover, that is the characteristic of ** teaching.
Powell believes that although the "particularism" and "exclusivity" of Judaism have been overcome compared with Judaism, they have certainly not been completely overcome.
** Religion has detached from a national religion to become a world religion, diluting the connection between man and state and nation, erasing all boundaries and contributing to a universal community.
If Judaism is "one nation excludes other peoples", then **religion abolishes national boundaries, which can be considered as "excluding all nations that believe in themselves", and ethnicity is a concept that does not have much meaning in **religion.
Although Christianity may seem more inclusive than Judaism, in a way, Christianity is no less exclusive than Judaism. So the two are actually equally exclusive in nature.
Even the exclusivity of the sect has a certain aggressiveness, such as the believer saying: "Either my friend or my enemy." ”
"Friends" naturally refer to other people who also believe in **religion, and Judaism, which itself is exclusive, is naturally divided into the ranks of enemies, and Jews will naturally not be accepted by **religious countries.
The fact that Jews were particularly regarded as objects to be eliminated during the period of monopoly capitalism had to do with the false projection of the outside powers. These "false projections" are based on some religious factors of the Jews, as well as the natural factors that the powerful believe the Jews have.
In the eyes of the powerful, these two factors reflect the genuine recognition of the Jewish superiority of nature, which seriously threatens the established social ruling order.
Therefore, Jews are not accepted as the object of false projection by the powerful.
All in all, the reason why Jews are not accepted by the world can be roughly summarized as their own exclusivity, and at the same time, the exclusivity of the outside world is also one of the reasons that cannot be ignored.