On the basis of the two meanings of the capital city and meritorious deeds, the imagery of Chang'an has been further extended and generalized, resulting in the emergence of two common modal combinations of "looking at Chang'an" and "Chang'an Dao". This combination originated in the Han and Wei dynasties, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and was widely used in the poems of the Two Song Dynasty.
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
The combination of "Wang'an" in poetry originated in the Han Dynasty, and at that time it had three meanings: the husband and the woman, the ranger and the courtier Wangque. Later poems often take the meaning of Wangque, especially in the late Han Dynasty Wang Cang's "south to the top of the mausoleum, looking back at Chang'an" has a huge impact. The poem was written from what he saw and felt when he passed through Baling on the way to Chang'an, and the "Chang'an" in the poem has been integrated with more literati emotions: not only the nostalgia for Chang'an, but also the yearning for virtuous politics. In later generations, Shen Yue "looked back at Chang'an, the city was gloomy", and no longer paid attention to whether "Chang'an" was a specific place. and then to Xie Hao's "Ba Xiang looks at Chang'an, Heyang looks at Jing County", using Wang Cang's poems, the meaning of Chang'an has evolved from geographical location to abstract imperial court, which is the conveyance of the meaning of going to the country.
Looking at Que and taking Chang'an as its belonging, its strengthening is mainly in the Tang Dynasty, which is generally manifested as distance and frustration. Since ancient times, Guy has been valued as a Beijing official, and staying away from the capital means losing the favor and favor of the emperor. For example, the Qing Tongzhi "Gan County Chronicles" recorded the Tang Dynasty Li Mian's affairs:
Yu Gutai, in Wenbi Mountain, a Helan Mountain, its mountain Longfu, Yu Ran Lonely, hence the name. Tang Li Mian was the assassin of the state, went to Taipei to look at it, and said: Yu Gutai "Although Yu is not as good as Zimu, his heart is in Wei Que, how can Yu Gu make him famous?""It is easy to see the plaque as a hope.Tang poetry often emphasizes the distance between the poet and Chang'an in the distant view, such as Liu Yuxi's "a song of southern sound is heard here, and Chang'an looks north for three thousand miles";Li Ying's "Looking back at Chang'an for 5,000 miles, don't drown under the thorn tree" and so on.
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
There are also a large number of words of "looking at Chang'an" in the poems of the Song Dynasty, but they are not as far away as the Tang people, and from the perspective of the direction, it does not simply refer to the capital at that time. The word "Chang'an" further stripped away the cloak of geographical terms, and the political meaning was abstracted and strengthened, thus representing the imperial power and the imperial court. Tang poems' "Looking at Chang'an" often realistically describes the location of Chang'an, such as Zhang Wei's "Falling and sorrowful, walking on the thistle hill." Chang'an is three thousand miles, and the sun and evening look southwest. "There is also Qi Ji's" to the north of Zhongnan Mountain, and directly down is Chang'an. ”
In the poems of the Song people, except for a few poems such as Su Zhe's "Nine Songs of Hezizhan Three Tours to Nanshan" (Daqin Temple), others are rarely like this, such as Mei Yaochen's "Chang'an is not far away, how to say that the northwest is lost", Song Qi "The clouds are in the northwest at dusk, and the guest heart is sad to Chang'an", and Liu Chu "Poor northwest looks, the sun is far away from Chang'an", and Chang'an here and reality have deviations from the direction. Xin Qiji's famous sentence "Looking at Chang'an in the northwest, pitiful countless mountains", if Chang'an refers to Bianjing or Lin'an, it is also inconsistent with the direction. Therefore, the expression of emotions in the Song Dynasty poems "Wangchang'an" is more prominent.
Since "The World Says New Words", the Tang people mostly used the allusions of Emperor Jin Ming's "the day is near Chang'an", such as Liu Yuxi's "Two Songs of Mourning for the Past", which was written when it was degraded: "Yu Yu He Yu Yu, Chang'an is as far as the sun." Thinking of his hometown all day long, Yan Laihong returns", is the nostalgia for Chang'an and the monarch.
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
The Song people often emphasized the distance from the court and the emperor when they wrote "Wang'an", which coincided with the extended meaning of "the day is near Chang'an", so it was often used in combination, and there were three situations.
One is to write that Chang'an is as far away as JapanSuch as Sixi's "Nanshan Qing Haze Royal Furnace Smoke, looking back at the white sun of Chang'an." Long live the thanksgiving of the people, and it has been three years since the banquet was returned";Song Qi's "Maoling moved to the poor years, and the governor of Shang Chang'an was on the Japanese side".
The second is to write that Chang'an is not seen in the sun, and Chang'an is farther away than the dayFor example, Zhao Ding's "try to lean on the dangerous building, will hate from afar, and look at the curtains." Raise your head to see the sun, but don't see Chang'an. Eyes are cold, old tears are sad", the meaning of the words is carefully savored, and it is a work that the author is degraded, and there is a worry of "God's will is difficult to ask";Liu Kezhuang's "Yan Ran is not slered, the south is hastily, Chang'an is not seen, and the north is far away." In the old chest, there are some lumps, and the song still needs to be poured with wine", returning to the south and looking north, all with strong feelings for the fall of the lost land.
The third is to further deepen on the basis of using the sun as a metaphor for the king, using the metaphor of Lu Jia's "New Language: Discernment", that is, "the evil ministers hide the virtuous, and the sun and the moon are like the obstacles of the clouds". With this meaning, the most famous author is Li Bai's "always floating clouds can cover the sun, and Chang'an is not seen to make people worried". In the Song Dynasty, Song Qi "raised his head but looked at Chang'an Day, and was already idle in the clouds", and Li Bi "made a fortune as soon as possible, and did not forget the king the most pitiful meal." Drifting in the poor mountains, the eyes are cut off from the clouds", and so on.
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
Chang'an is not only famous, but the meaning of running for meritorious deeds will follow, and the representative is the combination of "Chang'an" and the road ———Chang'an Road".
"Chang'an Road" is a combination of images, which is different from the old title of Yuefu "Chang'an Road" but partially related. The Yuefu poems with the title of "Chang'an Road" were created from the beginning of Emperor Liang Yuan, and there were 11 works in the Southern Dynasty, most of which were on the topic of the chant, which were actually the distant words and historical impressions of Chang'an in the Han Dynasty, and there were two types of descriptions. The first is to write about all kinds of characters on the road, such as "the east gate is sparse and wide, the north que Dong Xian's house" (Gu Yewang's "Chang'an Road"), Zhang Chang's car and a single horse, Han Yan takes the deputy Xuan" (Chen Xuan's "Chang'an Road"), Han Kang sells good medicine, Dong Yan's pearl" (Xu Ling's "Chang'an Road"), among which the male Dong Xian, the Ming official Zhang Chang, the Gaoshi Han Kang, and the favored minister Dong Yan are all famous characters in the Western Han Dynasty, allowing people to see the characteristics of Chang'an as a political, economic and cultural center, bringing together all kinds of characters. The other is the depiction of passers-by walking and red dust, such as "carving saddles to bear ochre sweat, Huai Road to red dust" (Liang Yuandi's "Chang'an Road"), tree shade with sleeve color, dust shadow and miscellaneous clothes wind" (Wang Bao's "Chang'an Road"), booming on Zimo, Ai Ai red dust flying" (Jiang Zong's "Chang'an Road").
The Tang Dynasty combined the reality of the dynasty, inherited the latter's intention, and evolved Chang'an Road into a utilitarian meaning. For example, Cui Tu's "Ba Shang" directly writes "Chang'an Fame and Fortune Road, serving from ancient times to the present". Another example is Zhang Yuanzong's "Looking at the End of Nanshan": "Chang'an Road is red and dusty, and the horses and wheels are not idle." Only Maoling has many sick guests, and every time they come to the heights to look at Nanshan", they also oppose the Chang'an road to the quiet mountains and forests, showing its earthly significance.
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
There is a lot of inheritance of this usage in Song Dynasty poetry. Poems such as Shi Hao's "Chang'an Road outside the door, fame and fortune people", Han Chu's "Chang'an Road outside the door, the hub hits people's shoulders." There are not many clouds now, and there are not many clouds in the old years". The lyrics are such as the first sentence of Cao Xun's "Qingyu Case": "Dust walks all over Chang'an Road." Reading Yunshui, return well", such as Ouyang Xiu's "Fisherman's Pride": "The nine doors of the carriage and horses come to disturb, pedestrians do not envy Chang'an Road", Xin Qiji's "The Highest Building": "Chang'an Road, Returning from Tired Travel" and "Partridge Heaven": "Don't go up to Chang'an Road, but teach the mountain temple to be tired of greeting", all of which are written about their boredom of their careers.
It is associated with the running on Chang'an Road, as well as the worry of the travelers, so more often Chang'an Road only appears as a background for eunuchs and farewells to add decoration and beautification effects. For example, Liu Yong's "Leading the Driving Line": "Red dust and purple Mo, the slanting sun and twilight grass Chang'an Road, is a place to leave people and break the soul, and the horses march westward", and He Zhu's "Wanxi Willow": "The dust sends off the whip, and the drunk refers to Chang'an Road." The sky is flat, the blue boat wants to go up, looking back and leaving the sorrowful grass", and so on.
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
There are also two allusions from the Han Dynasty, which are similar to the meaning of "Chang'an Road" and appear frequently in the poems of the Song people.
The first is "West Laughing Chang'an". According to Huan Tan's "New Treatise on Enlightenment": "Kanto disdainful clouds: 'When people hear Chang'an music, they go out to the west and laugh;'Knowing that the meat is delicious, he chews on the slaughter. Chang'an is the place where the meritorious cause is established, and "Xixiao Chang'an" has become synonymous with admiration for the imperial capital and the desire for fame and wealth. In Tang poems, such as Luo Bingwang's "Climbing the Tower of Sijing with Cui Ju Ma Xiaochu": "Baiyun Township is far away, and it is difficult for Huangtu to return." Only Yu Xi smiled, temporarily like Chang'an", Bai Juyi's "From Jiangzhou Sima to Zhongzhou Thorn History, Yang He Shengze, Chat about Books and Contempt": "The future of the hometown is near, and the heart is wide with foreign affairs. Survival should be shared, Xixiao asked Chang'an.
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
The second is "Suomi Chang'an". According to the "Book of Han", Dongfang Shuo once said to Emperor Wu: "Zhu Ru is more than three feet long, and he is given a bag of millet and two hundred and forty dollars." Chen Shuo was more than nine feet long, and he also gave a bag of millet and two hundred and forty dollars. Zhu Ru was full of hunger and wanted to die, and Chen Shuo was hungry to death. The courtier's words are available, fortunately, and they are not polite;Not available, let it go, no order but Suo Chang Mi. Later, Dongfang Shuo was reused by Emperor Wu, and Suomi Chang'an evolved into the meaning of seeking fame around the emperor. Zhang Gu in the Tang Dynasty recorded the fact that Bai Juyi was born from this, "Bai Shangshu should be raised, when he first arrived in Beijing, he took care of the situation with his poems and writings, looked at his name, and looked at Bai Gong and said: 'The price of rice is expensive, and it is easy to live.'" ’”
This allusion rarely appears in Tang poetry, but there are more in Song poetry, such as Yang Yi's "Sending Wu Hang": "Jingjiu desolate brigade sideburns class, Suomi lives in Chang'an for many years", which means seeking fame in Bianjing, and the meaning is biased towards Suomi rather than the capital. Another example is Song Qi's "Insufficient Funds for the Month's Money": "It is only a small amount of money to save for Dousheng, and the smoke of the stove is lacking in cooking." Xia Ze traveled without a paragraph, and Chang'an was full of envy of dwarfs", saying that he was down. ”
Di Lieba is in Chang'an.
Why are the Song people's poetry so fond of Chang'an?Some people think that the Song Dynasty was poor and weak, and Chang'an was the capital of the Han and Tang dynasties, so the literati thought of the historical glory and took Chang'an as a consolation. However, a thorough reading of the history of the Song Dynasty does not show any special praise for the prosperity of the two dynasties, and Ouyang Xiu's "Book of Emperor Qinzong of Fuque", Qin Guan's "Andu", and Zhou Nan's "Treatise on the Four Sais" all emphasize the advantages of its military geography, but do not focus on the glory of a certain dynasty and a certain generation that it represents. The image of Chang'an is symbolized and formed in poetry, and the essence still comes from the Song people's habit of "taking talent as poetry", and they show a large number of historical books or use the poems of their predecessors in their poems to express their own feelings.