The Manchus are a people with a long history, whose ancestors can be traced back to the "Su Shen" in BC, the "挹娄 (yì lóu)" in the Han and Jin dynasties, the "Beji" in the Northern Dynasties and the "mò hé" in the Sui and Tang dynasties.
"Su Shen" is an ethnic minority in northern ChinaIt mainly lives in the Heilongjiang, Ussuri and Songhua River basins。"Da Dai Li Ji Shao Xian" praised Yu Shun, Yu, Cheng Tang, and King Wen as "Minmingjiao, leading to the four seas, overseas Su Shen, Beifa, Qu Sou, Di, Qianglai service". It is also recorded in "Zuo Chuan: The Ninth Year of Zhaogong": "Su Shen, Yan, Bo, my northern soil." It is also recorded in the "Historical Records of the Confucius Family". It is said that Confucius traveled to various countries and stayed in the state of Chen. One day, many falcons with arrows stuck in their bodies landed in the court of Chen Guo. The body of these arrows is made of hazelwood, and the arrows are made of stone, which is one foot eight inches long, which is distinctive. Everyone hadn't seen it, so they came to ask Confucius. Confucius recognized these arrows as those of Su Shen and pointed out that King Wu of Zhou, in order to show his kindness, had sealed off the arrows of the Su Shen tribe, and there was also a collection in the state of Chen. Chen Yugong sent people to the warehouse where the tribute was stored to look for it, and sure enough, he found this kind of arrow.
The Han and Jin dynasties of the "Rulou",They lived in roughly the same area as Sushen, and some tribes had migrated to the northeastern part of present-day Jilin and Liaoning provinces。"Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Karasuma Xianbei Dongyi Biography" records, "Rulou is more than 1,000 miles northeast of Fuyu, by the sea, south and north are connected, and it is unknown where it is in the north. Its land is mountainous and dangerous. His person resembles Fuyu, and his speech is not the same as that of Fuyu and Juli. "The people of Rulou can grow grains, and are especially good at raising pigs, eating their meat, clothing their skins, and coating their bodies with thick pig paste in winter to protect them from the cold. In the last three decades of the 20th century, archaeologists discovered many ancient cities and villages in Heilongjiang, which were determined to be the cultural remains of the Lulou people during the Han and Wei dynasties. Among them, the most representative ones are the ancient city of Fenglin in Youyi County and the ancient city of Baotai Mountain in Baoqing County, which are located in the Qixing River Basin.
In the Northern Dynasties, the descendants of Su Shen and Lu Lou were called "Beji". In the Book of Wei, it is said: "Beji country, in the north of Goguryeo, the old Sushen country. The towns have their own strengths, and they are not always the same. His people are strong, and Yu Dongyi is the strongest. Words are unique. Chang Qingdou Mo Lou and other countries, other countries also suffer. "In terms of agriculture and animal husbandry, the Beji people have started agricultural production, and they will grow food crops such as corn and millet. They also graze pigs and horses, "without oxen, but with horses, with many pigs, without sheep." The funeral Xi customs of the Beji people are particularly unique, burial without coffins, and no burial in autumn and winter. "When his parents died in the spring and summer, they were buried and made a house on the grave, so that the rain would not get wetIf in autumn and winter, the mink is hunted with its corpse, and the mink eats its flesh, and there is much to it. "The Beji people had close ties with the Central Plains regime, and from the 5th century A.D., they often paid tribute to the Northern Wei Dynasty, according to the Book of Wei, during the 70 years from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Beji people paid tribute to the Central Plains more than 30 times.
The name of "靺鞨" was first seen in the Book of Northern Qi. The Book of Sui says: "The Su Shen clan of the ancients. The Book of Tang also said: "The Yan Dynasty, cover the place of prudence, and the Later Wei Dynasty is called not auspicious." "During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Yan Ya already had seven major tribes, including Sumo, Baishan, Bodu, Anchegu, Haomu, Funi, and Heishui. Among them, the strength of the millet is the most powerful, and it has a close connection with the Central Plains regime. Tudiji was the leader of the Su Mo Ya tribe, and after the defeat with Goguryeo, he led eight tribes, about 1,000 people, to the Sui Dynasty and was placed inLiucheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning)., gradually integrated with the local Han people. After the fall of the Sui Dynasty and the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the Yan Dynasty continued to be dependent on the Tang Dynasty regime. Da Zuorong is another leader of the Su Mo Ya tribe. In the first year of Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty (696), the Khitan launched a rebellion, and Da Zuorong and his son participated in the anti-Tang Dynasty. In the first year of the holy calendar (698), Da Zuorong officially founded the country, called himself the king of Zhen, and was known as the "old country" in history. After Tang Zhongzong came into power, he sent Zhang Xingqi, the imperial historian, to appease Zhenguo, and Da Zuorong gladly accepted it, and sent his second son Da Wuyi to serve the Tang court to express his submission. In the first year of Kaiyuan (713), Tang Xuanzong canonized Da Zuorong as the general of Zuo Xiaowei and the king of Bohai County, and was awarded the governor of Kuhan Prefecture and became a vassal of the Tang Dynasty. After the death of the Tang Dynasty, Bohai continued to pay tribute to the Later Liang and Later Tang Dynasty, maintaining a relationship with the Central Plains Dynasty. Bohai was founded for more than 200 years, and was later destroyed by the Liao regime.
During the Liaojin period, the Jurchens gradually stepped onto the stage of history and played an important role in Chinese history. Because of the avoidance of Liao Xingzong's Yelu Sect's truthfulness, the Jurchen is also known as "female straight". In the "History of Jin", the record of the origin of the Jurchen is quite detailed, "Before the Jin, out of the Jin clan." The name of the 靺鞨 is Beji. Beji, Gu Su cautiously also. ......In the Five Dynasties, the Khitan took all the Bohai Sea, and the Heishui Turtle was attached to the Khitan. He is a Khitan native in the south, and his mature woman is straight;Those who are in the north are not Khitan, and they are born with straight daughters. Giving birth to a daughter directly has mixed with the same river, Changbai Mountain, mixed with the river and also called HeilongjiangThe so-called 'white mountain and black water' is also. This is also the orthodox view of the Jurchen origin in the historical historiography.
At the beginning of the 12th century, the prominent leader of the Jurchens, Wanyan Aguta, called on the Jurchens to unite and overthrow Liao's rule. In the fifth year of Zhenghe of the Northern Song Dynasty (the fifth year of Liao Tianqing, 1115), Wanyan Aguda established a capital in Huining Mansion (now Acheng District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province), with the name Dajin, which was a dynasty established by the Jurchen people in Chinese history. Subsequently, after more than ten years of armed conquest, the Jin State destroyed the Liao in the seventh year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (the fifth year of Liao Baoda, the third year of Jin Tianhui, 1125), and the Northern Song Dynasty two years later. In the first year of Duanping in the Southern Song Dynasty (1234), the Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the iron cavalry of the Yuan Dynasty, and a large part of the Jurchens merged with other ethnic groups. During the reign of the Jin Dynasty, the Jurchens migrated south on three large scales, and some Jurchens lived in close proximity to the Mongols. During the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens, who originally lived in the Central Plains and the north, had basically integrated into other ethnic groups, and only in the northeast there were still Jurchens.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens rose rapidly under the leadership of Nurhachi, and on the first day of the first month of the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), Nurhachi established the "Jin" state, known as the "Later Jin" in history. During the Huang Taiji period, the strength of the Houjin became stronger and stronger. On October 13 of the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Huang Taiji ordered: "The names of our country were originally Manchuria, Hada, Ula, Yehe, Huifa, etc., and every ignorant person called Zhushen. Zhu Shen is said to be a person who is a member of the super Morgen tribe, what does it have to do with me?After that, all mortals must call our country the name of the former Manchuria, and if there are still those who are called Zhushen, they will be guilty. The name of the clan was changed from "Zhushen" to "Manchuria". It is generally believed that this is the origin of the "Manchurian" ethnic group.
In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji changed the country name "Jin" to "Qing", and the year name "Chongde", there was a Qing generation, and the title of "Manchuria" has always existed. It was not until after the fall of the Qing Dynasty that "Manchuria" was officially renamed "Manchu", and "Manchu" became a member of China's multi-ethnic group as an ethnic name.