Navigation.
This part includes considering the actual terrain to be traversed while trying to maintain the mapping course. There are two approaches that are generally recognized here, "dead arithmetic navigation" and "terrain matching navigation". In fact, a good navigator will use a combination of these two methods, and I will discuss them separately below.
dead reckoning
Dead arithmetic navigation refers to the method of navigating from landmarks to landmarks along the drawn azimuth. It involves reading a compass using the "central mass method" or "cheek counterpart". It also requires an accurate calculation of the distance you have covered. In order to maintain this value, you need to know your stride length, which is your pace.
Pace. You need to go to a shooting range with a 100-meter marker. Some good examples are a golf course marked at 100 meters, or a football field (goal-to-goal). Otherwise, you have to mark 100 meters on a field. Then walk normally.
Unless you really like to count repeatedly, it's best to only count the steps taken on your left foot. This can halve the number you count. In any case, the pace is calculated at least twice on a 100-meter field. Add them together and divide by 2. This will give you an average pace of 100 meters.
Although everyone's pace is different, a man with a standard height of 180 cm is usually around 55 to 65 steps. If your number is much higher than that, make sure you only count the left foot!If your number is much lower than that, try blindfolding (make sure there are no obstacles on the ground that could trip you and break your neck). Blindfolding makes us more aware of our steps. This usually shortens the stride length and thus increases the number of steps.
Calculate pace. That sounds a bit repetitive, doesn't it?Calculating the pace simply means that you have to make an accurate estimate of the distance covered. Very simple. Let's say your pace is 65 steps. This means that every 65 steps on the left foot is 100 meters. You should mark every 100 meters walked in some way.
Don't rely on your memory or your fingers!Once the gun is fired, your finger will adjust to the ** system, and the values will be lost. Your brain wants to empty and simply forget about recent data while trying to understand the next survival action you need to take.
The best way to maintain your pace is to buy or make a stride bead. This is as simple as tying at least ten fastened beads to the laces. Push a bead upwards every 100 meters. Once all the beads have been pushed to the up position (1000 meters), then push the beads back to the bottom position until you reach your next destination or you have to start pushing the beads upwards again when you run out of beads. Now you need to keep track of how many kilometers you've moved, but if you're nimble enough, you can integrate this distance information into your pace beads.
Other, more primitive ways to calculate pace include using pebbles or twigs that move from the back pant pocket to the front panty pocket. Or simply tie a knot in the laces that hang loosely from the **. Yes, it works too.
Duration 03:49 Obstacles.
Anything that prevents you from traveling directly towards a designated landmark is an obstacle. It could be a bush, a bush, a cliff, a lake or even a large open field. Remember the danger zone?So, how do you get around these obstacles when navigating the dead arithmetic?
For small obstacles like pesky thorn bushes, or large dead trees lodging, simply bypass one side while staring at the landmark. One suggestion is to alternate left and right detours. This prevents you from stray from course. Also, don't try to remember which obstacle is greater than the other, as this will only add to the confusion. Just alternate left and right, and in the end they will all cancel out.
For large obstacles, such as lakes or large open danger areas, move toward a landmark bearing on the far side of the obstacle that is closely aligned with the course you're drawing. Then estimate the distance between it and you, and add it to your current step count(Dilin: Just rely on the navigation line to move from a more eye-catching reference object next to it, and then remember to add this distance to the entire number of steps).
Now you are free to safely bypass the obstacles until you reach the landmark. Once you reach the landmark on the other side of the obstacle, pick up your bearing and number of steps and move on!Pretty flashy, right?
Sometimes we also encounter very large obstacles, such as swamps or cliffs, where we can't see the other side. In this case, we use the "box method".(Dilin: It is to first circle a rectangle to the left and right, and then return to the original road).。This means you'll need to guess whether the terrain on the left or right is more passable (hint: use your map).
You will turn 90 degrees to the left or right and keep a second step count so that you know how far you have gone to avoid this obstacle. Don't add this step count to your original route. Once you've rounded the obstacle, turn 90 degrees in the opposite direction back to the bearing you drawn. Add this step count to your original route (Dilling: So the question is, guess why you didn't add this value to the original navigation line?
Once you're sure you've bypassed the obstacle (as the obstacle has multiple sides), turn in the same 90-degree direction and count back the distance of the second move. Again, don't add it to your original step count.
Now you should be on the other side of that big obstacle. You may have noticed that you use a "box" to get around it. Pick up your original bearing and move on with your original number of steps.
That's all there is to it. You just need to follow the drawn route, moving from one point to the next, using landmarks that can be seen from the azimuth. Once you've walked the right distance, you start looking for your target.
Note that you may deviate from the original course and "drift" slightly to the left or right. This is more likely to happen if you are crossing a large distance of several miles (kilometers). To find the target, have your partner stand in the finish position, then start moving around him, forming a spiral circle(Dilling: It's the end point you go to according to the navigation line, and this end point may deviate from it for various reasons, even if you follow the compass and the map). Use circles with a radius of 10 meters in dense vegetation and circles with a radius of 50 meters in open terrain. Continue to expand the circle outwards until you find your target.
Terrain matching. In fact, you can navigate through the terrain without a compass, although I wouldn't recommend it. However, a skilled navigator with a map can determine direction by identifying the north, following the terrain, and maintaining a rough estimate of the distance traveled.
First, you'll need to locate your location on the map. There are many ways to do this. Personally, I would look for the most conspicuous tower I could see and find it on the map. Estimate the distance and direction between you and the tower, and locate the terrain you are standing on. So!You've just found yourself on the map. Variant methods include the use of major highways. Yes, it works too.
Determine the direction. You need to determine your bearings. That is, you need to determine the north on the ground and then orient your map. Now, if you have a compass, it's obviously pretty simple. Otherwise, you need to become more creative.
Using the sun, remember that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. So, at the beginning of the day, keep the sun on your right side facing north. Later in the day, keep the sun on your left side facing north.
In either case, it's very simple to identify all four cardinal directions by doing a 90-degree turn, as well as the four minor directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest) by reducing those turns by about half.
Using the sun to determine your orientation at noon is a bit more complicated. Because it is directly above, it is difficult to determine the north, or even east or west. So you can try this method:
Stick a stick in the ground and mark the end of the shadow with your left foot (or something else if you remember it). You need to stand there for about 20 minutes and then check the shadows. Use your right foot to mark the end position of the current shadow. Guess what?You're facing north.
At night, you'll need to use the North Star (located in the Big Dipper). It is not actually the lowest star on the horizon, but the only star in the sky that does not "move". Don't ask me too many questions about these because it was always raining when I was in charge of navigation at night. In this case, you're better off finding a compass.
Move through terrain.
Since we've already discussed five major and three minor terrain features, I won't go into detail again. I'm sure you've correctly identified the characteristics of many topographical features in your community. Well, well done.
You see, once you can identify the terrain features by their features (e.g., ridges descending steeply in two opposite directions, slowly descending in one direction and rising in the other), then you're bound to recognize them when you hike past them.
The theory of navigating with terrain connections is that as you cross each terrain feature, you're able to check the approximate distance traveled (pace count) and your approximate direction (bearing - since you're not using actual bearing). Because it's related to your map.
This method also makes heavy use of artificial features, although this is considered "taboo" by navigation purists. This means that when you pass by or approach a road, building, bridge, or tower, you will find it on the map to check your bearing and cadence as if it were a cliff, saddle, or hilltop.
Terrain connection, while invaluable, is a less precise skill. Truth be told, it's more of an art than a science. It requires you to have an ability to shape geospatial relationships in your mind as you traverse the terrain (Dilin: Li Yunlong agrees).
Often, we develop this skill when we use rote navigation techniques. When these two navigation techniques are combined with accurate map reading skills, the results are impressive, regardless of the environment. This requires Xi practice.
Duration: 21:40Lessons learned.
I didn't originally plan to add any lessons learned to the personal skills section.
But the story is a little too brilliant and a little too personal.
So I decided to write it in anyway.
On a summer night in 1986, a 12-man patrol from the 17th Regiment of the 2nd Infantry Division (codenamed Buffalo) moved from the patrol base to a possible ambush point identified earlier by the reconnaissance team during the day. It is in the DMZ Demilitarized Zone in North Korea, which is still notorious for being the world's heaviest garrison and the most contested border.
USA and South Korea ro.k.The task of the army is to locate and eliminate armed rebels from the 7th Special Forces Unit of the Korean People's Army. With this mentality, the buffalo soldiers went into the night.
Sometime before the patrol was supposed to reach its position, the platoon commander stopped the very young and very inexperienced spikes in the patrol (ahem. is contemptible), and asks if he is in the right place.
The 19-year-old private explained that the compass was poor and that he only had to climb over the ridgeline to find the correct bearing once he reached the tree line on the opposite side of the ridge.
Subsequently, the patrol moved on, being blinded by a fool to lead the way.
In the darkness, the Spike lost his precise sense of direction and began to move in a northeasterly direction instead of the east position he should have been. This slight defect soon became apparent when the defender observed what he thought was an anti-personnel mine, which was half-exposed in the moonlight, which penetrated through the dense vegetation of the trees. The request to turn on the red light flashlight is passed through the patrol queue.
Yes, the "precise" sense of direction of the spearhead led the entire patrol into a minefield.
That night, the Buffalo fighters failed to reach the ambush site. They spent the next four hours lying on the ground, crawling in a line behind the spearheads, and then forced to slowly climb along the ridge to a dirt road, where they waited for the next morning's retreat. (I found two more "bouncing Betty" mines, one lying on its side and the other facing the other.) This is a very disturbing feeling at midnight!I can tell you!I guess it won't be fun during the day either. )
Lessons learned?
Note: I say this from the bottom of my heart - trust your gear!
If you insist on arguing with the compass, you should know that you will always lose!
I'm not defending myself, but I'm trying to say.
Walking through a minefield was a wake-up call for me.
I quickly became an expert in land navigation. This was partly due to my sense of responsibility, and perhaps equally due to the fact that my squad leader assigned me a permanent position as a top soldier. (I didn't know they could do that.) )
The whole platoon called me an "idiot" for a while, but everyone thought I was in good shape, because I was a top soldier for the rest of the three months of the DMZ.
At that time, my platoon tended to be right behind me.
After keeping a relatively safe distance, of course.
Dilling: I was afraid that I would be taken to the mines again.2333).