Britain revitalized old industry, succeeded
Britain, as the first country in the world to start the process of industrialization, has occupied a dominant position in global industry at the end of the 19th century, and is known as the "factory of the world".
In 1860, Britain's manufacturing output accounted for 20% of the world's total, and in 1870, Britain's industrial finished products** accounted for 46% of the world's total.
In 1870, Doré depicted London's industrial districts, which were underpinned by British industrial cities and bases. However, in the 20th century, especially after 1970, the level of British industry declined, the world shrank, and many old industrial bases began to decline.
In the face of difficulties, the United Kingdom** has developed different development strategies. What are the results of these strategies?
Manchester, the industrial birthplace of the United Kingdom, was the first city in the world to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century made the cotton textile industry in Britain flourish, and Manchester's unique geographical location and climatic conditions provided unique conditions for the development of the cotton textile industry.
In 1768, it was hailed"The father of the modern factory"Richard Arwright of the city invented the water-powered spinning machine and opened the first water-powered textile mill in Manchester in 1771.
As a result, more and more textile mills have sprung up here. In addition to textile mills, there are also a number of bleaching mills, textile printers, engineering workshops and foundries that serve the cotton textile industry, bringing a fortune to Manchester.
1.Manchester: The Rise of the Cotton Capital In the 19th century, Manchester became the centre of the cotton textile industry in Lancashire. With 99 cotton mills, Manchester has a monopoly on 1 4 percent of the cotton textile market in the UK.
At the time, Manchester was known as the "Cotton Capital" because of its vast cotton textile industry. 2.Manchester in the 19th century: the centre of the cotton textile industry Manchester became the centre of the cotton textile industry in Lancashire in the 19th century.
According to statistics, Manchester already had as many as 99 cotton mills in 1830, and monopolized 1 4 of the cotton textile market in the United Kingdom. As a result, Manchester is known as the "Cotton Capital".
3.From Cotton to Cotton Textiles: The Rise of Manchester In the 19th century, Manchester became the centre of Lancashire's cotton textile industry. It is recorded that in 1830 Manchester had as many as 99 cotton mills and had a monopoly on the cotton textile market in the whole of England.1 4
As a result, Manchester is known as the "Cotton Capital".
Manchester, the city of the British textile industry and the transport industry, has not only made great strides in the cotton textile industry, but also made remarkable achievements in the construction of canals and railways.
In order to better promote Manchester's textile products to the global market, the United Kingdom** has vigorously promoted the construction of canals and railways in Manchester. In 1830, the opening of the world's first steam passenger railway gave Manchester a far lead in transport technology, and the speed at which textiles could be transported to other parts of the country was greatly improved.
In addition, the opening of the Grand Union Canal has also made Manchester well connected to the rest of the UK. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Manchester was home to the world's first industrial park, Trafford Park, and at its peak had the largest private rail system in the UK, making it one of the best in industry at the time.
This pexels** shows a spectacular view of the Grand Union Canal.
The shining pearl of the British Industrial Revolution, industry rose rapidly, quickly developed into the second largest city in the United Kingdom, and earned the reputation of "the world's factory".
Through the billowing smoke, you can see a moving railway locomotive. This is an image on Pexels. At the same time, Cardiff, the capital of the Welsh region of the United Kingdom, also achieved rapid development driven by the Industrial Revolution.
Cardiff Bay became the world's largest raw coal export port at the time, with Welsh coal flowing around the world.
For this reason, Cardiff is also known as the "Coal Capital".
In 19th-century Britain, many industrial clusters relied on natural resources such as coal, cotton, and steel. But in the eyes of modern people, they are seen as a more traditional type of industry.
With the passage of time and technological innovation, Britain's industrial advantage gradually diminished, and the development of these old industrial cities was in trouble after entering a new era. The only way out is to seek to change its own development path.
For the transformation of large enterprises, there are widespread problems at home and abroad. The United Kingdom, for example, has a long history of old industrial bases, which rose during the first industrial revolution, and now faces difficulties in transformation, which will undoubtedly be very difficult.
After entering the 90s of the 20th century, the shrinkage of traditional industrial cities is more common, facing many problems, such as serious environmental damage, industrial chain technology and economic adjustment.
In order to meet the challenge of a deteriorating environment, the UK needs to explore ways of development that have a lower impact on the environment. In addition, if the domestic industrial chain is not adjusted, it will be squeezed by other countries, such as Birmingham, which lost up to 1 3 of its manufacturing base in a short period of time, and these traditional industrial towns that rely on natural resources are almost all paralyzed.
In the face of the large-scale loss of traditional manufacturing, Britain must learn to keep pace with the times if it wants to revitalize its old industrial base.
Environmental pollution and external pressure are common challenges faced by traditional industries around the world. Take, for example, the coal mines in the Ruhr industrial region in Germany. At the same time, the changing times and geopolitical evolution have also had a profound impact on the old industrial areas of the United Kingdom.
During the colonial period, Britain could sell all of its industrial products to the colonies without worrying about unsalable. However, now that the colonial era is over, Britain's colonies have largely become independent, and Britain can no longer have a monopoly on the market for the sale of goods.
In addition, after World War II, Britain is no longer the only superpower, and its industrial products need to compete with industrial powers such as the United States and Germany, and they are not superior in quality and quality.
Finally, Britain was already under the control of the United States after World War II, and the presence of the United States had a profound impact on its development.
The headquarters of the British East India Company, once a symbol of colonial rule, is now a witness to history. This building bears the story of British colonial rule in India and the difficult journey of India towards independence.
Although the building is no longer the company's headquarters, its existence is still of great historical importance and deserves to be remembered and reflected.
In the Second Industrial Revolution, countries such as Germany performed well, such as the replica of the first motorcycle with an internal combustion engine invented by the German entrepreneur Daimler. However, there are also some problems in the UK as a whole and in the various industrial bases.
In Cardiff, due to the gradual depletion of resources and rising labor costs, Cardiff's superior resources are gradually declining and being surpassed by other regions, and corresponding changes need to be made.
Similarly, Birmingham's traditional industrial base is also facing transformation problems, because the environment is seriously polluted, and it needs to be vigorously improved to gradually replace traditional industries with less polluting industries.
In addition, old industrial cities such as Manchester and Leeds also need to be improved to keep up with the times.
As Britain's old industrial base began to decline, it was decided to take steps to help these old industrial bases rise again by building a path of networked industrial clusters.
Wales, especially the capital Cardiff, is the key region of the United Kingdom, they began to start the industrial transformation model in 1990, optimize the industrial structure, the goal is to make the Welsh industry gradually transfer to the two major industries of automobile and aircraft manufacturing, electronic information, and focus on cultivating these two industrial clusters.
At the same time, the UK** has also introduced many preferential policies and financial subsidies to attract large foreign enterprises to invest in Wales.
A beautiful picture depicting Cardiff Bay, from Pexels.
A bridge between the UK's two regions, two important cities that have witnessed the UK's transformation. After the completion of the renovation of the hardware facilities, the United Kingdom** has invested more efforts in software facilities to promote the development of skills training and business services in Wales"Regional Technology Development Programs", pay attention to learning the knowledge and technology of foreign-funded enterprises, and constantly carry out innovation.
Over the years, Wales has made significant achievements in aviation, software and other fields, becoming a model of successful transformation. In the same way, Manchester has found a path of transformation through research.
After the Second World War, the decline of the cotton textile industry caused Manchester's economy to gradually decline, but they did not give up, but implemented an "asset-oriented" urban regeneration strategy from the 90s of the 20th century, repositioning their own values, and successfully achieved industrial transformation and revival.
With the advent of the 21st century, Manchester has grasped its geographical advantages as a port city and its location advantages as a central city in the Greater Manchester Economic Region, and actively promoted the transformation of its economic structure, from the traditional cotton textile industry to the tertiary industry service industry.
This shift is reflected in bids for the Olympics, the Commonwealth Games, and the push for large-scale construction projects. After a long period of development, Manchester has become one of the important economic centers of the United Kingdom, with its financial and service industries among the best in the United Kingdom, and the second largest creative digitalization and ** industry in Europe.
Manchester's successful transformation is inseparable from the support of macro policies and the precise positioning of its own value.
One of Manchester's most iconic buildings in the heart of the city is Angel One Square. It's a great place to start exploring Manchester.
Come and enjoy the charm of the city together!
In 2002, the United Kingdom hosted the Commonwealth Games in Manchester, and at the same time proposed a strategy to build a high-tech industrial cluster in Birmingham. The United Kingdom shifted the focus of its industrial development policy to the construction of infrastructure, and began to adjust the economic structure of Birmingham, focusing on the development of IT and other high-tech industries, and giving strong support to high-tech industries.
The successful implementation of this policy has led to a significant increase in the employment rate in Birmingham, mainly in the IC and IT industries. In addition, Birmingham officially launched the International Conference Centre in 1991, and in September 2003, it spent £500 million to set up a business center integrating shopping, entertainment and sightseeing in the old city - Safridge Commercial Building, attracting more and more enterprises to invest in Birmingham.
Birmingham, a magnificent transformation from an industrial powerhouse to an art capital. Birmingham has successfully transformed from an old industrial city with chimneys and dusty to a new type of business tourism city rich in artistic taste and diversification.
The strong support of the UK, the tacit cooperation of the local *** and the full cooperation with major enterprises are the key factors of its success.
The Museum and Art Gallery of Birmingham is one of the most suitable development paths for the UK's oldest industrial cities. Although the UK has made some achievements, with the changes in the international situation and the rapid update of technology, the UK needs to keep up with the pace of the times, update the industrial industry in a timely manner, and actively communicate and cooperate with the outside world in order to continue to maintain a competitive advantage and avoid the decline of the old industrial city again.
References include "Industrial Clusters in the Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases: British Policies and Experiences", "How to Save Shrinking Cities: Experiences and Enlightenment from the Transformation of Old Industrial Cities in the UK", and "How the Old Industrial City of Manchester, in the North of the United Kingdom, Transformed from Decline".