Walking into Zhongnanhai, crossing the quiet path, and crossing the white marble bridge, a mansion comes into view, which is Fengze Garden.
Entering Fengze Garden, passing through the Yi Nian Hall, an east-facing corridor connects a courtyard house, which is the former residence of ***, the famous ".Juxiang Book House
Picture丨***'s "Juxiang Book House".
From 1949 to 1966, almost all of the activities were done here.
This is a typical courtyard house, the main room is the living room and dining hall, the right two rooms of the living room are the office and bedroom, separated by a screen in the middle, and the rest place is on the inside of the screen.
**The bed is very ordinary, with a gray military blanket all year round, and sometimes a mattress mat is laid on it.
It is noticeable that on the side of the bed, there are a lot of books, so people often describe the bedroom of *** like this: ".Half of the bed is for sleeping, and half is for books.
** I like to read, he once said".You can go a day without eating, you can sleep for a day, but you can't go a day without reading.
**'s study and study life has set a great spiritual and moral example for future generations, and has also left us with many inspirations.
Today, let's walk into the world's leading reading career together, and let's appreciate the pride and ambition of the great man's "counting the romantic characters and looking at the present day".
**often said"My biggest hobby in life is reading.
also put this sentence into action, in his youth, on the side of the noisy road, under the dim street lamp, he has left his hand unrelieved.
After decades of ups and downs, after the founding of New China, everything needs to be decided by the chairman, but even so, he always has to squeeze out time to study, and even a few minutes of going to the toilet will not be wasted.
**I often read a book and see a forgetful child, and when I know that the staff next to me reminds me that it is time to eat, he will still reluctantly say: ".One more point, read it before eating.
Because of this, his meals are often cold and hot, hot and cold, so that the staff can not do anything.
And his former residence is simply the world of books, and the Juxiang Book House has become the chairman's personal library, according to statistics, the amount of books in it has reached at that timeMore than 100,000 copies, can be described as full of sweat cows, which is impressive.
Picture丨***'s bedridden.
From the complete works of Marx and Engels, to the "Yongle Canon" and "Siku Quanshu", from the famous works of all countries in the world, to the ancient masterpieces of our country, from literature and science to philosophy, economics and military, there are all kinds of categories.
Being in the Juxiang Book House will make you have a kind of pleasure like swimming in the sea of books, which is so full and fulfilling.
Throughout his life, the habit of reading has always been with him, and the reason why this is so is because he has recognized the question "Why do you want to read?" ”
When the seventeen-year-old *** left Shaoshan and walked towards the vast world, he left that sentence to his father".The child is determined to go out of the country, and he vows not to return if he can't learn to become famous. Why bury bones, there are green mountains everywhere in life.
Such ambition also inspires the young man at all times, so that he will not dare to stop for a moment on the road of life in the future.
It is precisely because of the broad world that the first has since gained the opportunity to get in touch with advanced ideas, and in the later Dongshan New School, I came into contact with new learning.
In 1912, in the Hunan Provincial Library, ** saw a complete map of the world for the first time, and while he was shocked and sighed, it seemed that he also understood the direction of his future life.
From 1914 to 1918, ** began to study at Hunan No. 1 Normal School, during which he met like-minded Cai Hesen, He Shuheng and others, began to combine his personal study aspirations with the search for a way out of the country, and on the eve of graduation, formed a revolutionary group togetherXinmin SocietyHe has contributed his own strength to the cause of our country's revolution.
This group of people with lofty ideals often gathered at the head of Orange Island and Yuelu Mountain, "inspiring words and pointing out the country", and expressed their true thoughts in view of the current domestic situation.
He also pointed out that the country was "in the darkest place" at that time, and that such a situation must be improved.
In order to seek the truth that can save the country and save the people, the Xinmin Society began to organize and encourage Chinese students to go to France for work-study programs.
Picture丨International students go to France for work-study.
**At that time, the study abroad plan was also clearly stated: ".Our study is not without purpose, our purpose is to transform the real society. Our study is the study of achieving this goal.
And after the students of the University of Guangzhou, "look at the translation", analysis and comparison, and finally succeeded in finding the only way to solve China's predicamentTake the road of revolution in the first styleIt has laid a solid foundation for the rise of the Chinese nation in the future.
During the creation of the Red Army, ** had a certain understanding of the importance of foreign language learning, he once said: ".Foreign Chinese is really a portal, and it is impossible not to open him up. Now I read a little English every day, and if I can be consistent, I can always get a little bit of something.
According to Zeng Zhi's recollection: When he went to western Fujian to guide the work, he was accidentally infected with malaria, and during that time, he lived in a small building, recuperating while working and studying.
Even if you are sick, you don't forget to read. ”
And the books that he read a lot at that time were the two "Model English Readers" used by middle school students to study, "I don't know where he found those two books, anyway, he reads them very seriously every day, maybe he knows that he needs to know foreign languages to do revolution." ”
Due to his limited foreign language skills, during his second visit to Beijing, ** found three rare communist books written in Chinese, "The Communist Manifesto", "Class Struggle" and "History of Socialism".
**Once said:" .I have read the Communist Manifesto more than 100 times, and when I encounter problems, I will flip through Marx's Communist Manifesto
It was these three books that allowed him to establish his belief in Marxism, as he once said: ".Since accepting Marxism, I have not wavered.
In order to travel thousands of miles and feel the hardships of the people, ** and his friends began to travel to Hunan, during which the peasants and people they met, although they were already in pain, they were still very hospitable to the two of them.
Figure丨"The Communist Manifesto".
In the face of such folk suffering, ** felt deeply and realized the "knowledge" that cannot be learned in books.
At the time of his first devotion, he had very few access to Marx's books, and he often wrote letters asking for help, hoping to send him books.
Beginning in the fall of 1932, he lost his job, but instead of languishing, he devoted himself to studying.
He sorted out all the books he had collected from all over the place, sorted out all the books about Man-en-Les, borrowed some more from the people around him if they were not enough, and then began to study hard all day, "just reading books for two years", even when he was sick, he did not stop reading.
Through a series of reading and studying, ** advocated the study of Marxist positions and viewpoints, he said: ".The books of Marx, Engels and Lenin must be read, and this is the first.
During the Yan'an period, he began to study relevant works at his desk, and he wanted to find a theoretical path that truly belonged to China.
This is because from the practice of the revolution, it is found that completely copying the revolutionary theories of the Comintern and the Soviet Union cannot conform to the actual situation of the Chinese revolution.
Therefore, during the Yan'an period, he wrote many works, the fundamental core of which is an important achievement of the sinicization of Marxism.
From the revolutionary period to the founding of New China, ** always had to carry a large number of books with him to ensure that no matter when and where, he could have books to read.
So much so that in the place where he slept, half of the space was reserved for all kinds of books.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was a business trip to Wuhan, it was summer, Wuhan was like a huge "furnace", after a day's work, many people were sweaty and tired, but he still insisted on setting aside a certain amount of time at night to see out.
Seeing the sweat on his face constantly dripping, the staff next to him couldn't bear to remind him to rest in time, but he said humorously: ".Reading and learning also has to pay a certain price, only by sweating, can you learn knowledge!
Picture丨*** Reading.
In 1964, he was already in his prime, and he was still able to keep his hands on it.
Once, ** was ill and had a high fever of 39 degrees, for the sake of the chairman's health, the staff and doctors around him persuaded him not to study, but he was still "indifferent":"I've loved reading all my life, and now you don't let me read, do you know how uncomfortable I am?
The staff couldn't "resist" him, so he had to put the book back to him, and a long-lost smile appeared on his face.
In 1975, ** had just undergone eye surgery and his eyesight had just been restored, and he began to roll up his hands again, sometimes for more than ten hours a day.
On September 8, 1976, this was the last time he read a book, and the cumulative time reached 2 hours and 50 minutes.
On September 9, the great leader *** left his beloved motherland and people peacefully and fulfilled it with his life".Live and learnThe oath has also left a valuable "reading legacy" for future generations.
As the saying goes, "learning without thinking is reckless", for reading, ** has been practiced".If you don't use pen and ink, you don't readAttitude.
This is actually due to the teachings of his teacher Xu Teli back then.
Compared with many people who only read books and never use pen and ink, reading must be inseparable from sketching and drawing, circles and dots, which has also become a major feature of his reading.
Perhaps in his heart, only by leaving some traces on the book can he truly grasp the content of the book.
During his studies, he spent a lot of time studying the German theorist Paulsen's Principles of Ethics, during which he annotated more than 10,000 characters.
During the Long March, he began to study the books of the Department of Philosophy, and he also left many reading marks, and if he encountered some writing mistakes, he would take the initiative to annotate them.
Figure丨*** Annotations made while reading.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the enthusiasm for reading has not diminished, and the habit of annotation has not changed.
According to the recollection of the staff around him, when he was reading later, he developed the habit of drawing a circle on the cover page after reading it.
Later, when people sorted out the books they had read back then, they found that some books had more than one circle on the cover page, and some would have four or five, or even more.
For example, the book "Zizhi Tongjian" has been marked with 17 circles by him, so it is not difficult for us to see that his love for history books is still obviously high.
As the so-called".Expensive and constant, why bother to get up and sleep five more; The most useless, I am afraid of being exposed to the cold for ten days a day.
** Know".Take history as a mirrorTherefore, for reading history books, he has to read and think repeatedly, and never stop at a shallow taste, so the number of annotations left on these history books is also amazing.
Even if he read books such as "Historical Records" and "Hanshu" in his youth, in his later years, he would still take them out from time to time to read here, and when he encountered new places that needed to be annotated, he would also re-annotate them, so as to "read often and always be new".
It is worth noting that, according to the memories of those around him, the annotations made when he was reading were not random drawings on a whim, and they were also very particular.
For example, if he thinks that a poem or content is worthy of appreciation, he will draw straight lines and curves below, or circle them at the end of the sentence;
When you encounter a necessary and important place that needs to be emphasized, you will draw a double straight line or hyperbola to remind yourself that you need to pay attention to it;
Of course, after reading so many books, he does not agree with all the contents, and when he encounters objections, he will also draw a cross or write his own opinions on the side.
In order to make it easier for him to read, he also made a special "table of contents" to remind himself that the book was read**, when and where to look.
Figure丨*** Annotations made while reading.
** He once read three volumes of "Book of Jin", and on the covers of these books, he marked the words "1975, 8"; In addition, there are five volumes marked with the words "1975, August re-reading" and "1975, September re-reading".
Who would have thought that these were all reading records left by him, and this was a year before his death, although his physical condition was very bad, but he still did not give up the pursuit of reading, even under the severe urging of the doctor.
Of course, when reading history books, I will not only blindly ask for them, but also make independent thinking and use my own bad pen to "communicate" with the historical figures and historians of the past dynasties in the book.
He would place himself in the historical background of the book, and use the characteristics of the times to analyze the practices of the princes and generals of the past dynasties, and he made a lot of comments on this.
In the process of "communicating" with many historical events and figures, he was able to affirm their strengths, expose their shortcomings, and comment on their political affairs in the past dynasties, so as to learn from experience and refine policies and strategies that can be used for himself.
I have to say that the "dialogue" with the ancients did help him a lot.
For example, when reading "The Biography of Zhao Chongguo", he once made this evaluation: "Zhao Chongguo advocates Tuntian in the northwest frontier, and this person is very able to adhere to the truth and adhere to the correct proposition. At the beginning, only 12 out of 10 people were in favor of his ideas, and it was only later that his ideas were gradually accepted. ”
He also wanted to use the "Zhao Chongguo" incident to illustrate: "If the truth is to be accepted, there must always be a process, and this is the case in the past and now."
As for Cao Cao, who has always been evaluated by historians as "the traitor of troubled times", ** has his own other evaluation.
Fig丨*** is annotating.
He believes that Cao Cao's unification of the north, the reform of the evil government of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the development of production, the implementation of the legal system, and the promotion of frugality, "Isn't it remarkable?" Don't deserve to be affirmed? ”
In short, ** has always paid attention to reading".The past is for the presentHe also often used the experience and lessons of history to improve the revolutionary cause he is going through today, but he has proved to be very wise in doing so.
As an expert who is good at using theory to connect with practice, ** once proposed that the purpose of reading is "".Seek truth and explore, and apply what you have learned.
Indeed, as he said, he has always believed that the ultimate goal of reading is not whether a person can achieve fame, but whether he can achieve fameThrough the application of the world, we can use reading to transform society, the country, and the world
In fact, as early as when I was studying at Hunan Normal School, I began to study a series of classic battles in the history of our country through the book "Zizhi Tongjian", in which the weak defeated the strong and the less won the more, and learned from it and applied it to the subsequent anti-Japanese battlefield and liberation battlefield.
During the period of the All-out War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, ** began to read a large number of Chinese and foreign military works, especially "The Art of War", which provided a certain basis for the communist army to combat in the subsequent operations.
In 1938, through the knowledge and experience he had gained from his previous readings, he wrote the famous military works such as "Strategic Problems of Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War" and "On Protracted War", which laid a solid foundation for the Communist Party's military dialectical theory.
In the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the army led by the Communist Party repeatedly inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese army, and won many victories in battles in which fewer victories and stronger victories were won by the weak.
In November 1948, when the People's Liberation Army liberated Nanyang, Henan, ** personally wrote a report on "Our Army Occupies Nanyang in the Central Plains", and added some historical "old news" to it.
Picture丨"The Central Plains Our Army Liberates Nanyang".
The reason why Nanyang is so important is because Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu fought a battle to seize the city here during the Three Kingdoms period, and Liu Xiu, the Emperor Guang of the Later Han Dynasty, was also a cavalry here, and then established the Later Han Dynasty.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he encountered a series of problems of the "three red flags", in which he began to call on party members and cadres to conscientiously study the "Textbook of Political Economy", so that they can keep themselves in a sober state at all times, so as to tide over the difficulties smoothly.
Of course, outside of work, he often uses allusions from the book. Once, he reminded cadres who were about to work in other places not to put on the shelf of intellectuals, and specially quoted the story of "The Donkey of Qian", which caused the comrades at the scene to laugh.
When meeting with Yang Zhenning, he also used a lot of historical allusions, which impressed Yang Zhenning: ".I'm happy to learn about these writings, because I didn't know they existed
In 1938, at the graduation ceremony of the members of the Anti-Japanese University, ** specifically emphasized: ".There are two kinds of books to study, one is handouts with words and the other is 'books without words'.
In fact, the so-called "wordless book" isGo deep into social reality, into the natural world, and into all things to observe, investigate, understand, and remove the real world beyond the introduction of books
In his opinion, the reason why Liu Bang, who was weak and weak, was able to defeat the invincible Xiang Yu was because Liu Bang was close to the people and familiar with the lives of the people, so he won the support of many people.
And Xiang Yu, who was born in the aristocracy, lacked the study of the "wordless book" of the people, ignoring the truth that the people can take a boat and overturn the boat, and finally lost to Liu Bang and lost the world.
As early as 1913, *** who was in his youth already had such an understanding, and in the "Lecture Hall Record" during his study at that time, he recorded a sentence he wrote at that time: ".Studying behind closed doors is useless. If you want to learn everything from all things in the world, you will sweat all over the world (wide, far and many realities), and travel all over the four universes.
Figure丨***The box used to hold the book.
In fact, he can also be reflected here," he saidRead 10,000 books and travel 10,000 milesThe spirit of reading.
**After joining the revolution, he began to pay more attention to the study of "wordless books".
In 1927, in order to be able to truly understand the situation of the local agricultural movement, he personally went to the five counties of Hunan and wrote the famous "Hunan Agricultural Action Investigation Report".
Later, when he continued his social investigations, he wrote the book "Against Essentialism", which proposed".Without investigation, there is no voiceFamous theories.
Just like the "three-name doctrine" proposed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen at the beginning, if he simply relied on book knowledge and lacked familiarity with life, he would definitely not have put forward such a theory.
When he became a commander, he still applied the experience of reading "wordless books" to leading troops to fight.
He once said: ".Reading is a kind of learning, and using it is also a kind of learning, and it is also a more important kind of learning.
In other words, he has treated the battlefield itself as a "wordless book".
From the "16-character formula" during the Agrarian Revolution, to the "Ten Military Principles" during the War of Liberation, and then to the "Knock on Kraft Candy" ...... during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea
These are the finishing touches he learned from the "wordless book" of war.
In addition, often going to the masses is also an important part of his "wordless book".
In his opinion, if you want to change China at that time, you must first thoroughly understand China, and you have to rely on the "wordless book" to enrich yourself.
And the peasant class around him is the most vivid description in this "wordless book".
In the communication with the masses around him, he learned the real thoughts of the people at the bottom, and at the same time brought advanced ideas to the people at the bottom, so I have to say that it was the early rise and the study of the "wordless book" that laid a solid foundation for the success of the Chinese revolution.
Picture丨The magnifying glass used when reading in his later years.
So as he said: ".I want to learn from everything in the world and the countryOn the road of his study, he will surely do it all his life and persevere.
According to the previous explanation, we already know that *** reading has reached the level of "breaking 10,000 volumes", of course, this refers to the book with words.
As for the "wordless book" of "the world" and "state affairs", * has also achieved tireless and hard work.
If it is said that "living to old age and learning to be old" is a reading treasure left to the Communists, then reading "wordless books" is also a peerless treasure that he left to our descendants.
On September 8, 1976, ** had fallen into a dying coma, and when he woke up, he still asked to be seen.
Draw three bars on the paper with a pencil and hit the bed three times hard.
The staff next to him understood what the chairman meant, and asked softly, ".Chairman, do you want to read the news about Miki?
Nodding silently, "Takeo Miki" also became the last book he read in his life.
If you want to ask, how many books have you read in your life? This problem is obviously impossible to estimate, but I can tell you responsibly that these will be an infinitely precious wealth left to us, and it is also more like an incentive.
In the end, it is still the same sentence,".It is incumbent upon our generation to revitalize China!