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On February 12, 1912 (December 25, the third year of Xuantong), the Qing Empire came to an end.
On this day, it was just 5 days before the 6th birthday of the last emperor Pu Yi.
On behalf of the Qing court, it was the regent Empress Dowager Longyu who signed the "Qing Family Preferential Treatment Conditions" and promulgated the "Emperor's Abdication Edict" with **temporary**.
Empress Dowager Yulong was the empress of Emperor Guangxu and Puyi's aunt.
The Queen Mother chose the republic because she had no other choice.
She originally wanted to insist on the monarch, but was frightened by the story told by Yuan Shikai.
Yuan Shikai told her a story that took place more than a century ago in France: Louis XVI of the House of Bourbon and Marie Antoinette, the empress, had their heads cut off for insisting on the monarchy.
Many years later, when Pu Yi was writing "The First Half of My Life", he could still recall this scene.
This is a conversation that took place between Pu Yi, Longyu and Yuan Shikai.
Pu Yi, who just had a memory, vaguely remembered a chubby old man, who kept wiping tears while telling stories to the Queen Mother.
Pu Yi didn't know that there was a place in the world for France. The only foreign language book that accompanied him in his later youth education was Alice in Wonderland.
Title: "Temple of Heaven, Beijing" Charles Bartlett, 1921, Honolulu Museum of Art.
1. "Palace forbidden" and "temporary residence".
On February 22, 1913, the Empress Dowager Longyu died in the Changchun Palace in the Forbidden City.
It has been exactly 1 year and 10 days since she sounded the death knell for the Qing Empire.
According to the "preferential conditions of the Qing Dynasty", Pu Yi still played the role of emperor in the Forbidden City, and the annual salary of this job was originally set at 4 million taels**, but with the issuance of new coins one year later, it was changed to 4 million oceans.
One or two ** in the Qing Dynasty exceeded 37 grams, and in the "Yuan Datou" circulating during the ** period, a silver coin weighed 266 grams, containing only 89%.
As a result, the annual salary of the working emperor has shrunk a lot.
In addition to wrapping food, it is not actually wrapping.
According to the third paragraph of the agreement, the emperor only "temporarily resided in the palace and moved to the Summer Palace in the future".
The specific scope of the "palace ban" is not the entire Forbidden City, but is limited to the north of the Qianqing Gate to the south of the Shenwu Gate.
This was not written into the clause, but was the result of a compromise between the Qing room and ***.
This result began with the funeral of the Empress Dowager Longyu.
Thumbnail of the Forbidden City drawn by a Japanese scholar, Architectural Decoration of the Imperial City of Beijing, 1905, published by the Tokyo Imperial University of Technology.
Photography Overlooking the Forbidden City from a hot air balloon in the 20s of the last century Source: Internet.
In order to mourn the "female Zhongyao Shun" who has the "virtue of letting the country", Yuan Shikai, who was the first person at the time, ordered a national mourning meeting to be held on March 19, and the public sacrifice was held in the Taihe Hall for three days, and the national flag was lowered at half-mast to mourn.
On the grounds of ensuring traffic and safety, he actually took over the area outside the Forbidden City during the funeral process.
Since then, the Qing Dynasty Interior Government and the Ministry of the Interior have reached a tacit understanding that the Forbidden City, including the three major halls, will be managed by *** in exchange for long-term "temporary residence".
The "temporary residence" lasted for 12 years, and the "tacit understanding" and "compromise" between the two sides were finally broken in October 1924.
On the 23rd, Feng Yuxiang launched a mutiny. Two weeks later, Lu Zhonglin, the commander of the capital garrison, led his troops to besiege the Forbidden City and announced to the Qing family five amendments made by the regency cabinet to the "preferential conditions for the Qing family".
The first paragraph of the original conditions stipulates that after the resignation of the emperor, he retains his honorific title and gives treatment to foreign monarchs, which is equivalent to the existence of a super-sovereign subject in a republican sovereign state, and the "small court of the Sunqing Dynasty" can continue to operate like a parallel world.
The amended article provided for the permanent abolition of the Emperor's title from October 1924.
This means that the 18-year-old Pu Yi has since become an ordinary citizen in the legal sense.
On November 5, Pu Yi and his ministers, eunuchs, and palace maids were forced out of the palace.
At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Pu Yi and his wife and concubine were escorted by five cars to leave from Shenwumen and move to the "Prince Alcohol Mansion" near Ganshui Bridge in Houhai.
In this move, Emperor Tongzhi's concubine, Emperor Jingyi's concubine Hesheri (1856-1932), brought Wang Xun's "Boyuan Post" and Wang Xianzhi's "Mid-Autumn Post" out of the Forbidden City.
The next day, after leaving the temple in a hurry, Pu Yi sent someone back to the Yangxin Temple to get clothes, and his luggage was inspected by the police officer at the Shenwu Gate, and a law book was found from it - Wang Xizhi's "Clear Post When the Snow is Fast", which was immediately detained.
Framed as an album "Sunny Post in Fast Snow" (detail) in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Almost two centuries ago, their ancestor Qianlong Emperor, finally obtained Wang Xizhi, Wang Xun, Wang Xianzhi three pieces of Jin people's famous relics, moved it to the Xinuan Pavilion in the Yangxin Palace, inscribed as "Sanxi Hall", on both sides of the plaque, a pair of book couplets:
Embrace the ancient and modern", "deep heart to Haosu".
In this regard, the three treasures said "goodbye to each other" and never gathered again.
2. "Private property" and "public property".
The experience of "Sanxi" is not special, after the abdication, Puyi and the surrounding old and young have been thinking about turning positive again.
The maintenance of the parallel world and the dream of becoming a regular are very realistic - they need money.
A large number of calligraphy and paintings, rare books and other cultural relics that are easy to carry and sell in the palace have naturally become his secret ATM.
According to the "preferential conditions of the Qing family" that came into effect in 1912, after the Qing emperor "resigned" (resignation was used in the conditions, but not directly abdication - this vague wording also created a living space for the small court), his own and the private property of the imperial family were protected.
The last of the five amendments, which came into force in 1924, also provided that "the private property of the Qing family shall be fully enjoyed by the Qing family, and all its public property shall be owned by *** as special protection." ”
So the question is, the Jin people's legal texts collected by the ancestors of Pu Yi and the noble concubines, as well as the palace buildings in Beijing, Shenyang, and Chengde, including the many cultural treasures collected in them, belong to the private property of the Qing dynasty or public property?
In fact, since the existence of the "small court of the Qing Dynasty", the definition of the above issues has also been increasingly concerned.
In order to maintain its own operation, the Qing internal affairs government constantly mortgaged and antiquities, and there were many factions of its own, especially among the Beiyang warlords, many of whom had an ambiguous relationship with the Qing court. Therefore, in the early stage, there was a lack of psychological willingness to intervene in the behavior of the house, and there was also a lack of legal basis, let alone the funds to buy back antiquities.
By 1922, whether it was a mortgage to the bank on the surface or a "reward" in secret, the loss and damage of the Qing palace cultural relics reached an outrageous madness.
In March of that year, ** reported that the Qing Dynasty was raising funds for Puyi's wedding, and actually planned to sell the "Siku Quanshu" in the collection of Wenyuan Pavilion to Japan, which caused public outrage among scholars and the public, and the people of Peking University issued an open letter calling for the collection of books and antiquities in the forbidden city**.
Part of the Wenyuan Pavilion "Siku Quanshu" in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Part of the "Concise Catalogue of the Four Books of the King James Library" in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
One wave has not yet subsided, and another wave has invaded.
On the evening of June 26, 1923, another fire broke out in the Jianfu Palace in the Forbidden City, and a large number of antiquities, golden Buddhist vessels, and treasures donated by various countries in hundreds of houses were burned.
After this series of distressing events, all sectors of society finally put on the table the definition of whether the antiquities in the Qing court belonged to "private property" or "public property".
On May 3, 1924, Cao Kun ordered the establishment of a membership association for the preservation of state-owned antiquities, and Feng Yuxiang and others, together with representatives of the Qing Dynasty, determined a basic principle: "All things that have been handed down from generation to generation in our country should belong to the state, and their gold, silver and treasure items that have no history to speak of can be regarded as private ownership."
Therefore, "historicity" is taken as an important criterion for defining the relationship between public and private.
Take the "Three Hopes" as an example, although they were once collected by the Qing court, from a historical point of view, they all belong to the national cultural memory, and they are specific cultural relics inherited by the Qing dynasty from the integrity of Chinese culture, so they should belong to public property.
Similarly, the Forbidden City itself was built in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420) during the reign of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, and was not occupied by the surname Aixin Jueluo, and should also belong to public property.
During this period, the principle of "historicity" was generally accepted, and at the same time, the measure of "cultural value" was added. ”
In other words, even cultural relics made during the reign of the Qing Dynasty should be public property if they have national cultural value.
These discussions have gradually formed a consensus.
It laid the foundation for the establishment of the Palace Museum.
3. The establishment of the Palace Museum.
After Pu Yi left the palace, ** promulgated the "Regulations on the Organization of the Qing Aftermath Committee", and on November 20, the "Qing Aftermath Committee" was formally established.
The "Qing Room Aftermath Committee" was formed by representatives of both the ** and the Qing Dynasty, and Li Yuying was appointed as the chairman, and three celebrities, Wu Zhihui, Zhang Ji, and Zhuang Yunkuan, were specially appointed as supervisors.
The inventory of the cultural relics of the Forbidden City has also been gradually launched.
On July 31, 1925, when inspecting Puyi's dormitory and Yangxin Palace, Pu Yi's "Reward Pujie List" and "Receipt Receipt" were found.
These two documents record the original list of Pu Yi's Chinese objects, calligraphy and paintings smuggled out of the palace by way of rewards from July 13 to December 12, 1922.
Pu Yi's younger brother Pu Jie is his Chinese companion; Cousin Pu Jia is his English companion.
The above list shows that in the five months of 1922 alone, Pu Yi used the channels of Pu Jie and Pu Jia to accompany the reading, resulting in a total of 1,353 paintings and calligraphy (including 1,285 handscrolls and 68 albums), 502 letters, and 210 rare books and ancient books lost outside the palace.
During his 12-year stay in the Forbidden City as "Emperor Sun", it is difficult to count how many cultural relics have flowed out of various titles such as rewards and old ministers' loans.
In order to prevent and avoid the loss of cultural relics caused by Pu Yi's re-entry into the palace, the "Qing Room Aftermath Committee" accelerated the process of organizing the Palace Museum.
On September 29, 1925, the "Qing Dynasty Aftermath Committee" held a meeting and adopted the "Provisional Organization Outline of the Palace Museum", "Charter of the Provisional Board of Directors of the Palace Museum", and "Charter of the Provisional Council of the Palace Museum".
At 2 p.m. on October 10, the opening ceremony of the Palace Museum was held at Qianqingmen, and the Palace Museum, China's largest museum of ancient culture and art, was established.
Photo: 40s German commercial airline pilot Jp.Aerial photograph of the Forbidden City by Koster.
In fact, this is not the first time that the royal palace has opened its doors to the public.
If the "Qing Dynasty Aftermath Committee" can be regarded as the predecessor of the Palace Museum, then the "Antiquities Column" established 11 years ago is an inseparable part of the Palace Museum.
How did modern museums and art exhibitions imported from the West take root in this ancient land of China?
This article is the second in a series of articles on "Detailed Explanation of Cultural Relics in the National Palace Museum in Taipei", some of the materials in the article are taken from related **, only for learning and exchange, please do not use them at will** and for any commercial purposes.
I wish you all an auspicious Year of the Dragon and a happy New Year! The captain is Yu Sheshan.