The high-yield and high-yield black soil is the most fertile soil in the world, and is known as the "giant panda in arable land".
In recent years, the protection and utilization of black soil in China has made rapid progress and achieved remarkable results. According to the data, from 2020 to 2022, the implementation area of black soil conservation tillage in Northeast China increased from 46 million mu to 83 million mu.
How to establish a long-term protection mechanism for black soil? Legal protection is key. Recently, the "Food Security Law of the People's Republic of China" was promulgated, proposing that the state establish a black soil protection system to protect the excellent production capacity of black soil.
Ensure quantity and improve quality, make good use of the black soil
Fertile black soil is a rare soil resource. In the past, due to the influence of irrational farming methods and other factors, the fertile black soil in some parts of Northeast China became more and more "thin", "thinner" and "harder", and soil fertility declined.
The task of protecting black soil is a long way to go. Yun Wenju, director of the Land Engineering Technology Innovation Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources and a second-level researcher, believes that at this stage, there are problems in the protection of black soil, such as the lack of standardization in the development and utilization of black soil, the situation of extensive use of black soil has not been fundamentally reversed, the supporting conditions of farmland infrastructure are weak, and the management and protection of farmland infrastructure that has been completed in the later stage is insufficient, and a long-term mechanism has not been formed.
How to use and raise black soil well? Yun Wenju believes that the supervision and control of the use of black soil should be strengthened and the black soil should be managed well. By strengthening the application of technical means and relying on the field chief system to adopt the method of "civil air defense + technical defense", we will promptly discover and stop illegal land reclamation, illegal occupation of black soil, illegal excavation and illegal mining of black soil, and punish relevant responsible persons in accordance with the law. At the same time, it is also necessary to strictly control the occupation of black soil by construction projects.
The construction of high-standard farmland is further tilted towards the black soil area in Northeast China, and all permanent basic farmland in the black soil area will be built into high-standard farmland, so as to build the 'giant panda in cultivated land' well. Yun Wenju said.
Only by adopting scientific farming methods can we make good use of the black soil and raise it well, so that the black soil will become more and more fertile. Gao Wa, a senior agronomist at the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, said that the focus of conservation of black soil is to implement conservation tillage and accelerate the expansion of the scope of conservation tillage. The implementation of conservation tillage should pay attention to adapting measures to local conditions, implementing policies according to different categories, and adopting differentiated conservation tillage models.
Qian Fengkui, a professor at Shenyang Agricultural University, added that to raise the black soil well, soil improvement and farmland facility management should be strengthened. On the one hand, we should pay attention to the conservation of black soil, appropriately implement fallow rotation, implement organic fertilizer returning to the field, increase the return of organic matter such as straw and livestock and poultry manure to black soil, increase the application of soil improvement measures, and gradually increase the organic matter content of black soil. On the other hand, the full implementation of the later management and protection funds of farmland facilities, increase the publicity of management and protection work, and ensure that farmland facilities can play an effective role in the long term.
The data show that in recent years, the quality of cultivated land in the black soil area of Liaoning Province has been greatly improved, and the quality of cultivated land in the demonstration area has increased by 0The average content of soil organic matter increased by more than 3 percentage points above 5 grades; The average grade of cultivated land quality in Heilongjiang Province reached 346 grades, the average content of soil organic matter reached 362 g kg.
Let "every inch of land produce gold" to achieve a "double balance" of protection and utilization
The people take food as the sky, and the food stabilizes the world. To protect the black soil is to protect our "big granary".
Yun Wenju believes that only by considering the protection of cultivated land in the context of building a Chinese-style modernization in which man and nature coexist in harmony can the relationship between development and utilization and the protection of black soil be coordinated.
On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the special management and control of black soil in land spatial planning, and all black soil should be included in the red line of cultivated land protection. "On the other hand, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between the black soil ecosystem and the surrounding woodland, grassland and wetland ecosystems, pay attention to improving the ecological functions of the natural ecosystem such as water conservation, soil and water conservation, wind prevention and sand fixation, and maintenance of biodiversity, so as to maintain the natural ecological environment conducive to the protection of black soil." ”
Yun Wenju added that at the same time, it is necessary to actively take measures to prevent and control soil erosion, prevent soil erosion, desertification and salinization of black soil, and improve the function of black soil ecosystem.
According to the data, in 2022, 56 counties and 712 county-level high-standard conservation tillage bases will be built in Northeast China, with an area of more than 1 million mu in 25 counties.
From intensive tillage to fine tillage Conservation tillage makes the "bottom" color of black soil cultivated land stronger
How to deal with the relationship between conservation tillage and rational use of black soil?
Qian Fengkui believes that conservation tillage has changed the traditional farming model, and the peasant masses need an adaptation process, which needs to be promoted and worked for a long time. It is necessary to establish a leading and departmental coordination working mechanism, and do a good job in financial guarantee and human support. Establish an expert and technical team, establish demonstration training bases in different regions, and carry out training in a participatory and experiential way to promote conservation tillage in an orderly manner.
Gao Wa said that according to the type of black soil, hydrothermal conditions, topography and landform, differentiated conservation tillage mode is adopted. If the conservation tillage mode is not properly selected, it will aggravate the damage of black soil, and some places reflect that the incidence of pests and diseases is aggravated by improper straw mulching and disposal, and at the same time, the application of pesticides increases, which increases non-point source pollution.
Innovate and promote the "pear tree experience" of windbreak and soil consolidation with non-tillage, less tillage, straw mulching and returning to the field as the key technology; Constantly explore the "Longjiang practice" based on the mode of straw burial and land return and mulching and no-tillage; Explore the formation of the "Sanjiang experience" ...... based on rice straw burial, rotary tillage and pulping and returning to the fieldIn recent years, various localities have actively explored the comprehensive technical model of black soil protection, implemented policies according to local conditions and time conditions, and explored a comprehensive management model that combines engineering and biology, agricultural machinery and agronomy, and land use and land cultivation, so as to keep the black soil vibrant.
As of November 2023, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia have implemented various modes such as no-tillage and less tillage, straw mulching, and straw comprehensive utilization, crushing, turning, and pressing to the field, realizing the protection and utilization of black soil covering an overlapping area of 100 million mu and organic fertilizer deep turning and returning to the field 20 million mu.